Top

01-01-2015 | Esophageal cancer | Book chapter | Article

8. The Role of Endoscopy in the Diagnosis, Staging, and Management of Esophageal Cancer

Authors: Michelle P. Clermont, MD, Anthony M. Gamboa, MD, Field F. Willingham, MD, MPH

Publisher: Springer International Publishing

Abstract

The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has increased approximately 700 % since the late 1970s, outpacing the rate of growth of other major epithelial malignancies. Meanwhile the incidence of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has declined over several decades. While SCC has no known premalignant condition amenable to screening or treatment, EAC is preceded by Barrett’s esophagus (BE), or intestinal metaplasia, in a metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence. Therefore, BE has been a target for screening efforts and eradication via endoscopic approaches in order to detect and prevent EAC. The risk of developing EAC among patients with untreated BE is thought to be 0.4–0.5 % per year. Men and patients with long-segment BE have a higher risk of progression. The relatively good 5-year prognosis in early-stage disease compared with advanced stages has led to efforts aimed at the early detection of esophageal cancer in BE. The use of endoscopy for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of esophageal cancer continues to evolve.

Gamboa AM, Kim S, Chen Z, Woods KE, Keilin S, Cai Q, Saba N, El-Rayes B, Willingham FF. Mo1135 trends in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma and early stage esophageal adenocarcinoma in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(5):S-566–7. doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(14)62051-5.

Sappati Biyyani RS, Chak A. Barrett’s esophagus: review of diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterol Rep. 2013;1(1):9–18.

American Gastroenterological Association, Spechler SJ, Sharma P, Souza RF, Inadomi JM, Shaheen NJ. American gastroenterological association medical position statement on the management of Barrett’s esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(3):1084–91.

Mino-Kenudson M, Hull MJ, Brown I, Muzikansky A, Srivastava A, Glickman J, Park D-Y, Zuckerberg L, Misdraji J, Odze RD, Lauwers GY. EMR for Barrett’s esophagus–related superficial neoplasms offers better diagnostic reproducibility than mucosal biopsy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;66(4):660–6.PubMed

Rice TW, Blackstone EH, Adelstein DJ, Zuccaro Jr G, Vargo JJ, Goldblum JR, Murthy SC, DeCamp MM, Rybicki LA. Role of clinically determined depth of tumor invasion in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;125(5):1091–102. doi:10.1067/mtc.2003.404.PubMed

Wang KK, Sampliner RE. Updated guidelines 2008 for the diagnosis, surveillance and therapy of Barrett’s esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(3):788–97.PubMed

Lichtenstein DR, Cash BD, Davila R, Baron TH, Adler DG, Anderson MA, Dominitz JA, Gan SI, Harrison 3rd ME, Ikenberry SO, Qureshi WA, Rajan E, Shen B, Zuckerman MJ, Fanelli RD, VanGuilder T. Role of endoscopy in the management of GERD. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;66(2):219–24. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2007.05.027.PubMed

Hirota WK, Zuckerman MJ, Adler DG, Davila RE, Egan J, Leighton JA, Qureshi WA, Rajan E, Fanelli R, Wheeler-Harbaugh J, Baron TH, Faigel DO. ASGE guideline: the role of endoscopy in the surveillance of premalignant conditions of the upper GI tract. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63(4):570–80. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2006.02.004.PubMed

Fitzgerald RC, di Pietro M, Ragunath K, Ang Y, Kang JY, Watson P, Trudgill N, Patel P, Kaye PV, Sanders S, O’Donovan M, Bird-Lieberman E, Bhandari P, Jankowski JA, Attwood S, Parsons SL, Loft D, Lagergren J, Moayyedi P, Lyratzopoulos G, de Caestecker J. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of Barrett’s oesophagus. Gut. 2014;63(1):7–42.PubMed

10.

Shaheen NJ, Weinberg DS, Denberg TD, Chou R, Qaseem A, Shekelle P. Upper endoscopy for gastroesophageal reflux disease: best practice advice from the clinical guidelines committee of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(11):808–16. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-157-11-201212040-00008.PubMed

11.

Chak A, Faulx A, Eng C, Grady W, Kinnard M, Ochs-Balcom H, Falk G. Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or cardia. Cancer. 2006;107(9):2160–6.PubMed

12.

Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Lindgren A, Nyren O. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(11):825–31. doi:10.1056/NEJM199903183401101.PubMed

13.

Reavis KM, Morris CD, Gopal DV, Hunter JG, Jobe BA. Laryngopharyngeal reflux symptoms better predict the presence of esophageal adenocarcinoma than typical gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Ann Surg. 2004;239(6):849–56.PubMedCentralPubMed

14.

Shaheen NJ, Sharma P, Overholt BF, Wolfsen HC, Sampliner RE, Wang KK, Galanko JA, Bronner MP, Goldblum JR, Bennett AE, Jobe BA, Eisen GM, Fennerty MB, Hunter JG, Fleischer DE, Sharma VK, Hawes RH, Hoffman BJ, Rothstein RI, Gordon SR, Mashimo H, Chang KJ, Muthusamy VR, Edmundowicz SA, Spechler SJ, Siddiqui AA, Souza RF, Infantolino A, Falk GW, Kimmey MB, Madanick RD, Chak A, Lightdale CJ. Radiofrequency ablation in Barrett’s esophagus with dysplasia. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(22):2277–88.PubMed

15.

Rex DK, Cummings OW, Shaw M, Cumings MD, Wong RK, Vasudeva RS, Dunne D, Rahmani EY, Helper DJ. Screening for Barrett’s esophagus in colonoscopy patients with and without heartburn. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(6):1670–7.PubMed

16.

Ronkainen J, Aro P, Storskrubb T, Johansson SE, Lind T, Bolling-Sternevald E, Vieth M, Stolte M, Talley NJ, Agreus L. Prevalence of Barrett’s esophagus in the general population: an endoscopic study. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(6):1825–31. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.08.053.PubMed

17.

Atkinson M, Chak A. Unsedated small-caliber endoscopy–a new screening and surveillance tool for Barrett’s esophagus? Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;4(8):426–7. doi:10.1038/ncpgasthep0880.PubMed

18.

Galmiche JP, Sacher-Huvelin S, Coron E, Cholet F, Soussan EB, Sebille V, Filoche B, d’Abrigeon G, Antonietti M, Robaszkiewicz M, Le Rhun M, Ducrotte P. Screening for esophagitis and Barrett’s esophagus with wireless esophageal capsule endoscopy: a multicenter prospective trial in patients with reflux symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(3):538–45. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01731.x.PubMed

19.

Aedo MR, Zavala-Gonzalez MA, Meixueiro-Daza A, Remes-Troche JM. Accuracy of transnasal endoscopy with a disposable esophagoscope compared to conventional endoscopy. World J Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;6(4):128–36.PubMedCentralPubMed

20.

Kadri SR, Lao-Sirieix P, O’Donovan M, Debiram I, Das M, Blazeby JM, Emery J, Boussioutas A, Morris H, Walter FM, Pharoah P, Hardwick RH, Fitzgerald RC. Acceptability and accuracy of a non-endoscopic screening test for Barrett’s oesophagus in primary care: cohort study. BMJ. 2010;341:c4372. doi:10.1136/bmj.c4372.PubMedCentralPubMed

21.

Streitz Jr JM, Ellis Jr FH, Tilden RL, Erickson RV. Endoscopic surveillance of Barrett’s esophagus: a cost-effectiveness comparison with mammographic surveillance for breast cancer. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93(6):911–5. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00275.x.PubMed

22.

Hvid-Jensen F, Pedersen L, Drewes AM, Sorensen HT, Funch-Jensen P. Incidence of adenocarcinoma among patients with Barrett’s esophagus. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(15):1375–83. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1103042.PubMed

23.

Komanduri S, Swanson G, Keefer L, Jakate S. Use of a new jumbo forceps improves tissue acquisition of Barrett’s esophagus surveillance biopsies. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009;70(6):1072–8.e1071. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2009.04.009.PubMed

24.

Abela JE, Going JJ, Mackenzie JF, McKernan M, O’Mahoney S, Stuart RC. Systematic four-quadrant biopsy detects Barrett’s dysplasia in more patients than nonsystematic biopsy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(4):850–5.PubMed

25.

Sharma P, Dent J, Armstrong D, Bergman JJ, Gossner L, Hoshihara Y, Jankowski JA, Junghard O, Lundell L, Tytgat GN, Vieth M. The development and validation of an endoscopic grading system for Barrett’s esophagus: the Prague C & M criteria. Gastroenterology. 2006;131(5):1392–9. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.08.032.PubMed

26.

Phoa KN, van Vilsteren FG, Weusten BL, Bisschops R, Schoon EJ, Ragunath K, Fullarton G, Di Pietro M, Ravi N, Visser M, Offerhaus GJ, Seldenrijk CA, Meijer SL, ten Kate FJ, Tijssen JG, Bergman JJ. Radiofrequency ablation vs endoscopic surveillance for patients with Barrett esophagus and low-grade dysplasia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;311(12):1209–17.PubMed

27.

Akiyama J, Roorda A, Triadafilopoulos G. Managing Barrett’s esophagus with radiofrequency ablation. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2013;1(2):95–104.

28.

Triadafilopoulos G. Clinical experience with the Stretta procedure. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2003;13(1):147–55.PubMed

29.

Bianco MA, Rotondano G, Garofano ML, Cipolletta L. Endoscopic treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2006;26(5):281–6.PubMedCentralPubMed

30.

Utley DS. The Stretta procedure: device, technique, and pre-clinical study data. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2003;13(1):135–45.PubMed

31.

Arts J, Lerut T, Rutgeerts P, Sifrim D, Janssens J, Tack J. A one-year follow-up study of endoluminal gastroplication (Endocinch) in GERD patients refractory to proton pump inhibitor therapy. Dig Dis Sci. 2005;50(2):351–6.PubMed

32.

Arts J, Sifrim D, Rutgeerts P, Lerut A, Janssens J, Tack J. Influence of radiofrequency energy delivery at the gastroesophageal junction (the Stretta procedure) on symptoms, acid exposure, and esophageal sensitivity to acid perfusion in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52(9):2170–7. doi:10.1007/s10620-006-9695-y.PubMed

33.

Singh PB, Das SK, Kumar A, Sharma GK, Pandey AK, Swain S, Bansal H, Trivedi S, Dwivedi US. Dorsal onlay lingual mucosal graft urethroplasty: comparison of two techniques. Int J Urol. 2008;15(11):1002–5. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02151.x.PubMed

34.

Chuttani R, Sud R, Sachdev G, Puri R, Kozarek R, Haber G, Pleskow D, Zaman M, Lembo A. A novel endoscopic full-thickness plicator for the treatment of GERD: a pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;58(5):770–6.PubMed

35.

Pleskow D, Rothstein R, Lo S, Hawes R, Kozarek R, Haber G, Gostout C, Lembo A. Endoscopic full-thickness plication for the treatment of GERD: a multicenter trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59(2):163–71.PubMed

36.

von Renteln D, Schiefke I, Fuchs KH, Raczynski S, Philipper M, Breithaupt W, Caca K, Neuhaus H. Endoscopic full-thickness plication for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease using multiple Plicator implants: 12-month multicenter study results. Surg Endosc. 2009;23(8):1866–75.

37.

Leeds S, Reavis K. Endoluminal therapies for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2013;23(1):41–51. doi:10.1016/j.giec.2012.10.010.PubMed

38.

Reavis KM, Perry KA. Transoral incisionless fundoplication for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2014;11(4):341–50. doi:10.1586/17434440.2014.925394.PubMed

39.

Louis H, Closset J, Deviere J. Enteryx. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;18(1):49–59. doi:10.1016/S1521-6918(03)00078-7.PubMed

40.

Johnson DA. Enteryx for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2005;2(1):19–26. doi:10.1586/17434440.2.1.19.PubMed

41.

Deviere J, Pastorelli A, Louis H, de Maertelaer V, Lehman G, Cicala M, Le Moine O, Silverman D, Costamagna G. Endoscopic implantation of a biopolymer in the lower esophageal sphincter for gastroesophageal reflux: a pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;55(3):335–41. doi:10.1067/mge.2002.121596.PubMed

42.

Corley DA, Katz P, Wo JM, Stefan A, Patti M, Rothstein R, Edmundowicz S, Kline M, Mason R, Wolfe MM. Improvement of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms after radiofrequency energy: a randomized, sham-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(3):668–76.PubMed

43.

Tam WC, Schoeman MN, Zhang Q, Dent J, Rigda R, Utley D, Holloway RH. Delivery of radiofrequency energy to the lower oesophageal sphincter and gastric cardia inhibits transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations and gastro-oesophageal reflux in patients with reflux disease. Gut. 2003;52(4):479–85.PubMedCentralPubMed

44.

Dughera L, Rotondano G, De Cento M, Cassolino P, Cisaro F. Durability of stretta radiofrequency treatment for GERD: results of an 8-year follow-up. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2014;531907(10):18.

45.

Harewood GC, Gostout CJ. Cost analysis of endoscopic antireflux procedures: endoluminal plication vs. radiofrequency coagulation vs. treatment with a proton pump inhibitor. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;58(4):493–9.PubMed

46.

Fry LC, Monkemuller K, Malfertheiner P. Systematic review: endoluminal therapy for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: evidence from clinical trials. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;19(12):1125–39.PubMed

47.

Espino A, Cirocco M, Dacosta R, Marcon N. Advanced imaging technologies for the detection of dysplasia and early cancer in barrett esophagus. Clin Endosc. 2014;47(1):47–54. doi:10.5946/ce.2014.47.1.47.PubMedCentralPubMed

48.

Curvers WL, Peters FP, Elzer B, Schaap AJ, Baak LC, van Oijen A, Mallant-Hent RM, Ten Kate F, Krishnadath KK, Bergman JJ. Quality of Barrett’s surveillance in The Netherlands: a standardized review of endoscopy and pathology reports. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;20(7):601–7. doi:10.1097/MEG.0b013e3282f8295d.PubMed

49.

Ramus JR, Caygill CP, Gatenby PA, Watson A. Current United Kingdom practice in the diagnosis and management of columnar-lined oesophagus: results of the United Kingdom National Barrett’s Oesophagus Registry endoscopist questionnaire. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2008;17(5):422–5. doi:10.1097/CEJ.0b013e3282b6fd1e.PubMed

50.

Das D, Ishaq S, Harrison R, Kosuri K, Harper E, Decaestecker J, Sampliner R, Attwood S, Barr H, Watson P, Moayyedi P, Jankowski J. Management of Barrett’s esophagus in the UK: overtreated and underbiopsied but improved by the introduction of a national randomized trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(5):1079–89. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01790.x.PubMed

51.

Garud SS, Keilin S, Cai Q, Willingham FF. Diagnosis and management of Barrett’s esophagus for the endoscopist. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2010;3(4):227–38.PubMedCentralPubMed

52.

Ormsby AH, Petras RE, Henricks WH, Rice TW, Rybicki LA, Richter JE, Goldblum JR. Observer variation in the diagnosis of superficial oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Gut. 2002;51(5):671–6. doi:10.1136/gut.51.5.671.PubMedCentralPubMed

53.

Kara MA, Peters FP, Fockens P, ten Kate FJ, Bergman JJ. Endoscopic video-autofluorescence imaging followed by narrow band imaging for detecting early neoplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;64(2):176–85.PubMed

54.

Gono K, Obi T, Yamaguchi M, Ohyama N, Machida H, Sano Y, Yoshida S, Hamamoto Y, Endo T. Appearance of enhanced tissue features in narrow-band endoscopic imaging. J Biomed Opt. 2004;9(3):568–77.PubMed

55.

Mannath J, Subramanian V, Hawkey CJ, Ragunath K. Narrow band imaging for characterization of high grade dysplasia and specialized intestinal metaplasia in Barrett’s esophagus: a meta-analysis. Endoscopy. 2010;42(5):351–9.PubMed

56.

Sharma P, Hawes RH, Bansal A, Gupta N, Curvers W, Rastogi A, Singh M, Hall M, Mathur SC, Wani SB, Hoffman B, Gaddam S, Fockens P, Bergman JJ. Standard endoscopy with random biopsies versus narrow band imaging targeted biopsies in Barrett’s oesophagus: a prospective, international, randomised controlled trial. Gut. 2013;62(1):15–21. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300962.PubMed

57.

Alvarez Herrero L, Curvers WL, Bansal A, Wani S, Kara M, Schenk E, Schoon EJ, Lynch CR, Rastogi A, Pondugula K, Weusten B, Sharma P, Bergman JJ. Zooming in on Barrett oesophagus using narrow-band imaging: an international observer agreement study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;21(9):1068–75.PubMed

58.

Curvers WL, Bohmer CJ, Mallant-Hent RC, Naber AH, Ponsioen CI, Ragunath K, Singh R, Wallace MB, Wolfsen HC, Song LM, Lindeboom R, Fockens P, Bergman JJ. Mucosal morphology in Barrett’s esophagus: interobserver agreement and role of narrow band imaging. Endoscopy. 2008;40(10):799–805.PubMed

59.

Silva FB, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Vieth M, Rabenstein T, Goda K, Kiesslich R, Haringsma J, Edebo A, Toth E, Soares J, Areia M, Lundell L, Marschall HU. Endoscopic assessment and grading of Barrett’s esophagus using magnification endoscopy and narrow-band imaging: accuracy and interobserver agreement of different classification systems (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73(1):7–14.PubMed

60.

Leggett CL, Gorospe EC. Application of confocal laser endomicroscopy in the diagnosis and management of Barrett’s esophagus. Ann Gastroenterol. 2014;27(3):193–9.PubMedCentralPubMed

61.

Kiesslich R, Gossner L, Goetz M, Dahlmann A, Vieth M, Stolte M, Hoffman A, Jung M, Nafe B, Galle PR, Neurath MF. In vivo histology of Barrett’s esophagus and associated neoplasia by confocal laser endomicroscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(8):979–87.PubMed

62.

Canto MI, Anandasabapathy S, Brugge W, Falk GW, Dunbar KB, Zhang Z, Woods K, Almario JA, Schell U, Goldblum J, Maitra A, Montgomery E, Kiesslich R. In vivo endomicroscopy improves detection of Barrett’s esophagus-related neoplasia: a multicenter international randomized controlled trial (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;79(2):211–21.PubMed

63.

Sharma P, Meining AR, Coron E, Lightdale CJ, Wolfsen HC, Bansal A, Bajbouj M, Galmiche JP, Abrams JA, Rastogi A, Gupta N, Michalek JE, Lauwers GY, Wallace MB. Real-time increased detection of neoplastic tissue in Barrett’s esophagus with probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy: final results of an international multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;74(3):465–72. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2011.04.004.PubMedCentralPubMed

64.

Bajbouj M, Vieth M, Rosch T, Miehlke S, Becker V, Anders M, Pohl H, Madisch A, Schuster T, Schmid RM, Meining A. Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy compared with standard four-quadrant biopsy for evaluation of neoplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Endoscopy. 2010;42(6):435–40. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1244194.PubMed

65.

Lee MH, Buterbaugh K, Richards-Kortum R, Anandasabapathy S. Advanced endoscopic imaging for Barrett’s Esophagus: current options and future directions. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2012;14(3):216–25.PubMed

66.

Isenberg G, Sivak Jr MV, Chak A, Wong RC, Willis JE, Wolf B, Rowland DY, Das A, Rollins A. Accuracy of endoscopic optical coherence tomography in the detection of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus: a prospective, double-blinded study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;62(6):825–31.PubMed

67.

Qi X, Sivak MV, Isenberg G, Willis JE, Rollins AM. Computer-aided diagnosis of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus using endoscopic optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt. 2006;11(4):044010.PubMed

68.

Gill RS, Singh R. Endoscopic imaging in Barrett’s esophagus: current practice and future applications. Ann Gastroenterol. 2012;25(2):89–95.PubMedCentralPubMed

69.

Evans JA, Poneros JM, Bouma BE, Bressner J, Halpern EF, Shishkov M, Lauwers GY, Mino-Kenudson M, Nishioka NS, Tearney GJ. Optical coherence tomography to identify intramucosal carcinoma and high-grade dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4(1):38–43.PubMedCentralPubMed

70.

Clermont MP, Chawla S, Woods KE, Keilin SA, Cai Q, Willingham FF. Impact of endoscopic mucosal resection in patients referred for endoscopic management of Barrett’s esophagus. Gastrointest Interven. 2013;2(2):90–3.

71.

Shimizu Y, Kato M, Yamamoto J, Ono Y, Katsurada T, Ono S, Mori Y, Nakagawa M, Nakagawa S, Itoh T, Asaka M. Histologic results of EMR for esophageal lesions diagnosed as high-grade intraepithelial squamous neoplasia by endoscopic biopsy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006;63(1):16–21.PubMed

72.

Pech O, May A, Gossner L, Rabenstein T, Manner H, Huijsmans J, Vieth M, Stolte M, Berres M, Ell C. Curative endoscopic therapy in patients with early esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma or high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia. Endoscopy. 2007;39(1):30–5. doi:10.1055/s-2006-945040.PubMed

73.

Savoy AD, Wallace MB. EUS in the management of the patient with dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;39(4):263–7.PubMed

74.

Attila T, Faigel DO. Role of endoscopic ultrasound in superficial esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus. 2009;22(2):104–12. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2050.2008.00878.x.PubMed

75.

Thomas T, Gilbert D, Kaye PV, Penman I, Aithal GP, Ragunath K. High-resolution endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound for evaluation of early neoplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(5):1110–6. doi:10.1007/s00464-009-0737-3.PubMed

76.

Vazquez-Sequeiros E, Wiersema MJ, Clain JE, Norton ID, Levy MJ, Romero Y, Salomao D, Dierkhising R, Zinsmeister AR. Impact of lymph node staging on therapy of esophageal carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2003;125(6):1626–35.PubMed

77.

Pech O, May A, Gunter E, Gossner L, Ell C. The impact of endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomography on the TNM staging of early cancer in Barrett’s esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(10):2223–9.PubMed

78.

Larghi A, Lightdale CJ, Memeo L, Bhagat G, Okpara N, Rotterdam H. EUS followed by EMR for staging of high-grade dysplasia and early cancer in Barrett’s esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;62(1):16–23.PubMed

79.

Rampado S, Bocus P, Battaglia G, Ruol A, Portale G, Ancona E. Endoscopic ultrasound: accuracy in staging superficial carcinomas of the esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85(1):251–6.PubMed

80.

Shimizu Y, Tsukagoshi H, Fujita M, Hosokawa M, Kato M, Asaka M. Long-term outcome after endoscopic mucosal resection in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma invading the muscularis mucosae or deeper. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56(3):387–90.PubMed

81.

He LJ, Shan HB, Luo GY, Li Y, Zhang R, Gao XY, Wang GB, Lin SY, Xu GL, Li JJ. Endoscopic ultrasonography for staging of T1a and T1b esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(5):1340–7. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i5.1340.PubMedCentralPubMed

82.

Bailey BE, Freedenfeld RN, Kiser RS, Gatchel RJ. Lifetime physical and sexual abuse in chronic pain patients: psychosocial correlates and treatment outcomes. Disabil Rehabil. 2003;25(7):331–42. doi:10.1080/0963828021000056866.PubMed

83.

Bennett C, Vakil N, Bergman J, Harrison R, Odze R, Vieth M, Sanders S, Gay L, Pech O, Longcroft-Wheaton G, Romero Y, Inadomi J, Tack J, Corley DA, Manner H, Green S, Al Dulaimi D, Ali H, Allum B, Anderson M, Curtis H, Falk G, Fennerty MB, Fullarton G, Krishnadath K, Meltzer SJ, Armstrong D, Ganz R, Cengia G, Going JJ, Goldblum J, Gordon C, Grabsch H, Haigh C, Hongo M, Johnston D, Forbes-Young R, Kay E, Kaye P, Lerut T, Lovat LB, Lundell L, Mairs P, Shimoda T, Spechler S, Sontag S, Malfertheiner P, Murray I, Nanji M, Poller D, Ragunath K, Regula J, Cestari R, Shepherd N, Singh R, Stein HJ, Talley NJ, Galmiche JP, Tham TC, Watson P, Yerian L, Rugge M, Rice TW, Hart J, Gittens S, Hewin D, Hochberger J, Kahrilas P, Preston S, Sampliner R, Sharma P, Stuart R, Wang K, Waxman I, Abley C, Loft D, Penman I, Shaheen NJ, Chak A, Davies G, Dunn L, Falck-Ytter Y, Decaestecker J, Bhandari P, Ell C, Griffin SM, Attwood S, Barr H, Allen J, Ferguson MK, Moayyedi P, Jankowski JA. Consensus statements for management of Barrett’s dysplasia and early-stage esophageal adenocarcinoma, based on a Delphi process. Gastroenterology. 2012;143(2):336–46.PubMed

84.

Markar SR, Karthikesalingam A, Thrumurthy S, Low DE. Volume-outcome relationship in surgery for esophageal malignancy: systematic review and meta-analysis 2000–2011. J Gastrointest Surg. 2012;16(5):1055–63. doi:10.1007/s11605-011-1731-3.PubMed

85.

Ell C, May A, Gossner L, Pech O, Gunter E, Mayer G, Henrich R, Vieth M, Muller H, Seitz G, Stolte M. Endoscopic mucosal resection of early cancer and high-grade dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2000;118(4):670–7.PubMed

86.

Nijhawan PK, Wang KK. Endoscopic mucosal resection for lesions with endoscopic features suggestive of malignancy and high-grade dysplasia within Barrett’s esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;52(3):328–32. doi:10.1067/mge.2000.105777.PubMed

87.

Behrens A, May A, Gossner L, Gunter E, Pech O, Vieth M, Stolte M, Seitz G, Ell C. Curative treatment for high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia in Barrett’s esophagus. Endoscopy. 2005;37(10):999–1005. doi:10.1055/s-2005-870352.PubMed

88.

Conio M, Cameron AJ, Chak A, Blanchi S, Filiberti R. Endoscopic treatment of high-grade dysplasia and early cancer in Barrett’s oesophagus. Lancet Oncol. 2005;6(5):311–21. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(05)70167-4.PubMed

89.

Pech O, Bollschweiler E, Manner H, Leers J, Ell C, Holscher AH. Comparison between endoscopic and surgical resection of mucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus at two high-volume centers. Ann Surg. 2011;254(1):67–72. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e31821d4bf6.PubMed

90.

Prasad GA, Wu TT, Wigle DA, Buttar NS, Wongkeesong LM, Dunagan KT, Lutzke LS, Borkenhagen LS, Wang KK. Endoscopic and surgical treatment of mucosal (T1a) esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(3):815–23.PubMed

91.

Das A, Singh V, Fleischer DE, Sharma VK. A comparison of endoscopic treatment and surgery in early esophageal cancer: an analysis of surveillance epidemiology and end results data. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(6):1340–5.PubMed

92.

Wani S, Drahos J, Cook MB, Rastogi A, Bansal A, Yen R, Sharma P, Das A. Comparison of endoscopic therapies and surgical resection in patients with early esophageal cancer: a population-based study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;79(2):224–32.e221. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2013.08.002.PubMedCentralPubMed

93.

Pech O, Behrens A, May A, Nachbar L, Gossner L, Rabenstein T, Manner H, Guenter E, Huijsmans J, Vieth M, Stolte M, Ell C. Long-term results and risk factor analysis for recurrence after curative endoscopic therapy in 349 patients with high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and mucosal adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s oesophagus. Gut. 2008;57(9):1200–6. doi:10.1136/gut.2007.142539.PubMed

94.

Larghi A, Lightdale CJ, Ross AS, Fedi P, Hart J, Rotterdam H, Noffsinger A, Memeo L, Bhagat G, Waxman I. Long-term follow-up of complete Barrett’s eradication endoscopic mucosal resection (CBE-EMR) for the treatment of high grade dysplasia and intramucosal carcinoma. Endoscopy. 2007;39(12):1086–91. doi:10.1055/s-2007-966788.PubMed

95.

Ell C, May A, Pech O, Gossner L, Guenter E, Behrens A, Nachbar L, Huijsmans J, Vieth M, Stolte M. Curative endoscopic resection of early esophageal adenocarcinomas (Barrett’s cancer). Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;65(1):3–10.PubMed

96.

May A, Gossner L, Pech O, Muller H, Vieth M, Stolte M, Ell C. Intraepithelial high-grade neoplasia and early adenocarcinoma in short-segment Barrett’s esophagus (SSBE): curative treatment using local endoscopic treatment techniques. Endoscopy. 2002;34(8):604–10. doi:10.1055/s-2002-33236.PubMed

97.

Pech O, May A, Manner H, Behrens A, Pohl J, Weferling M, Hartmann U, Manner N, Huijsmans J, Gossner L, Rabenstein T, Vieth M, Stolte M, Ell C. Long-term efficacy and safety of endoscopic resection for patients with mucosal adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(3):652–60.e651. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2013.11.006.PubMed

98.

Manner H, Pech O, Heldmann Y, May A, Pohl J, Behrens A, Gossner L, Stolte M, Vieth M, Ell C. Efficacy, safety, and long-term results of endoscopic treatment for early stage adenocarcinoma of the esophagus with low-risk sm1 invasion. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(6):630–5; quiz e645. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.12.040.

99.

Gamboa AM, Kim S, Woods KE, Force SD, Maithel SK, Staley C, Kooby D, Luke J, Shaffer K, Dacha S, Saba N, Keilin S, Cai Q, El-Rayes B, Chen Z, Willingham FF. 352 treatment allocation in early stage esophageal adenocarcinoma: the national incidence rates and predictors of lymph node involvement. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;79(5):AB133. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2014.02.083.

100.

Esaki M, Matsumoto T, Hirakawa K, Nakamura S, Umeno J, Koga H, Yao T, Iida M. Risk factors for local recurrence of superficial esophageal cancer after treatment by endoscopic mucosal resection. Endoscopy. 2007;39(1):41–5. doi:10.1055/s-2006-945143.PubMed

101.

Pech O, Manner H, Ell C. Endoscopic resection. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2011;21(1):81–94. doi:10.1016/j.giec.2010.10.001.PubMed

102.

Konda VJ, Gonzalez Haba Ruiz M, Koons A, Hart J, Xiao SY, Siddiqui UD, Ferguson MK, Posner M, Patti MG, Waxman I. Complete endoscopic mucosal resection is effective and durable treatment for Barrett’s-associated neoplasia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;13(14):00597.

103.

Ancona E, Rampado S, Cassaro M, Battaglia G, Ruol A, Castoro C, Portale G, Cavallin F, Rugge M. Prediction of lymph node status in superficial esophageal carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15(11):3278–88.PubMed

104.

Westerterp M, Koppert LB, Buskens CJ, Tilanus HW, ten Kate FJ, Bergman JJ, Siersema PD, van Dekken H, van Lanschot JJ. Outcome of surgical treatment for early adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or gastro-esophageal junction. Virchows Arch. 2005;446(5):497–504. doi:10.1007/s00428-005-1243-1.PubMed

105.

Eguchi T, Nakanishi Y, Shimoda T, Iwasaki M, Igaki H, Tachimori Y, Kato H, Yamaguchi H, Saito D, Umemura S. Histopathological criteria for additional treatment after endoscopic mucosal resection for esophageal cancer: analysis of 464 surgically resected cases. Mod Pathol. 2006;19(3):475–80. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800557.PubMed

106.

Honda K, Akiho H. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal squamous cell neoplasms. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2012;3(2):44–50. doi:10.4291/wjgp.v3.i2.44.PubMedCentralPubMed

107.

Takahashi H, Arimura Y, Masao H, Okahara S, Tanuma T, Kodaira J, Kagaya H, Shimizu Y, Hokari K, Tsukagoshi H, Shinomura Y, Fujita M. Endoscopic submucosal dissection is superior to conventional endoscopic resection as a curative treatment for early squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (with video). Gastrointest Endosc. 2010;72(2):255–64, 264.e251–2. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2010.02.040.

108.

Ishihara R, Iishi H, Takeuchi Y, Kato M, Yamamoto S, Masuda E, Tatsumi K, Higashino K, Uedo N, Tatsuta M. Local recurrence of large squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus after endoscopic resection. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;67(6):799–804. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2007.08.018.PubMed

109.

110.

Almond LM, Hodson J, Barr H. Meta-analysis of endoscopic therapy for low-grade dysplasia in Barrett’s oesophagus. Br J Surg. 2014;25(10):1187–95.

111.

Chadwick G, Groene O, Markar SR, Hoare J, Cromwell D, Hanna GB. Systematic review comparing radiofrequency ablation and complete endoscopic resection in treating dysplastic Barrett’s esophagus: a critical assessment of histologic outcomes and adverse events. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014;79(5):718–31.PubMed

112.

Evans JA, Early DS, Fukami N, Ben-Menachem T, Chandrasekhara V, Chathadi KV, Decker GA, Fanelli RD, Fisher DA, Foley KQ, Hwang JH, Jain R, Jue TL, Khan KM, Lightdale J, Malpas PM, Maple JT, Pasha SF, Saltzman JR, Sharaf RN, Shergill A, Dominitz JA, Cash BD. The role of endoscopy in Barrett’s esophagus and other premalignant conditions of the esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76(6):1087–94. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2012.08.004.PubMed

113.

Orman ES, Li N, Shaheen NJ. Efficacy and durability of radiofrequency ablation for Barrett’s Esophagus: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(10):1245–55.PubMed

114.

Strauss AC, Agoston AT, Dulai PS, Srivastava A, Rothstein RI. Radiofrequency ablation for Barrett’s-associated intramucosal carcinoma: a multi-center follow-up study. Surg Endosc. 2014;21:21.

115.

Titi M, Overhiser A, Ulusarac O, Falk GW, Chak A, Wang K, Sharma P. Development of subsquamous high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma after successful radiofrequency ablation of Barrett’s esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2012;143(3):564–6.PubMed

116.

Kim HP, Bulsiewicz WJ, Cotton CC, Dellon ES, Spacek MB, Chen X, Madanick RD, Pasricha S, Shaheen NJ. Focal endoscopic mucosal resection before radiofrequency ablation is equally effective and safe compared with radiofrequency ablation alone for the eradication of Barrett’s esophagus with advanced neoplasia. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76(4):733–9.PubMedCentralPubMed

117.

Bulsiewicz WJ, Kim HP, Dellon ES, Cotton CC, Pasricha S, Madanick RD, Spacek MB, Bream SE, Chen X, Orlando RC, Shaheen NJ. Safety and efficacy of endoscopic mucosal therapy with radiofrequency ablation for patients with neoplastic Barrett’s esophagus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(6):636–42. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.10.028.PubMedCentralPubMed

Medicine Matters Oncology

Abstract