This chapter reviews the methods of diagnosis for patients with multiple myeloma including the classification, imaging techniques, and prognosis according to the latest society guidelines. In: Handbook of Multiple Myeloma . Edited by M Mohty, JL Harousseau. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2015. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-18218-6_2

This chapter provides an overview of diagnostic modalities and available staging systems in gastric cancer. Sabesan A & Bennett JJ. In: Gastric Cancer . Edited by Strong VE. Springer International Publishing, 2015. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15826-6_8

An expert discussion of the increasing importance of breast magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of patients with indications for breast cancer and as a screening tool in high-risk patients. El Khouli RH et al. In:  Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis . Edited by Shetty MK. Springer New York, 2015. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1267-4_9

Reuter describes the anatomy of the bladder, highlighting the implications for the diagnosis and staging of bladder cancer and illustrating anatomic features that may cause problems in staging tumors. Reuter VE. In:  Genitourinary Pathology . Edited by Magi-Galluzzi C & Przybycin CG. Springer New York, 2015. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2044-0_12

This chapter discusses the use of endoscopy in the diagnosis of Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma before considering its use in mucosal resection and ablation therapy. Clermont MP, Gamboa AM, & Willingham FF. In: Esophageal Cancer . Edited by Saba NF & El-Rayes BF. Springer International Publishing, 2015. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20068-2_8

Introduction Tissue analysis of tumor samples is required to establish a lymphoma diagnosis.

The chapter describes the various different staging systems that have been developed for thyroid cancer and their respective utility. Wartofsky L. In: Thyroid Cancer . Edited by Wartofsky L & Van Nostrand D. Springer New York, 2016. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3314-3_9

Woodard GA, Jones KD, & Jablons DM. In: Lung Cancer . Edited by Reckamp KL. Springer International Publishing, 2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40389-2_3

Jambusaria-Pahlajani A. In:  High-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma . Edited by Schmults CD. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-47081-7_2

This chapter reviews the latest indications, innovations, and controversies in ultrasound and cross-sectional preoperative imaging for thyroid cancer. Wu JX & Yeh MW. In: Controversies in Thyroid Surgery . Edited by Hanks JB & Inabnet III WB. Springer International Publishing, 2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20523-6_15

This book chapter reviews recommendations for the examination, assessment, staging, and prognostication of patients with non-melanoma skin cancer including basal cell carcinoma. Hasan Z et al. In: Non-melanoma Skin Cancer of the Head and Neck . Edited by F Riffat, CE Palme, M Veness. India: Springer India, 2015. doi:10.1007/978-81-322-2497-6_3

In this chapter the authors discuss the imaging modalities available and their roles in the staging workup of breast cancer. Le-Petross HC & Caudle AS. In:  Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis . Edited by Shetty MK. Springer New York, 2015. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1267-4_15

This review article  provides  an up-to-date information on the traditional and alternative staging systems for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) and the identification and management of patients with high-risk CSCC. Karia PS, Ruiz ES, Schmults CD. Curr Derm Rep 2015;4:168. doi:10.1007/s13671-015-0115-4

This chapter highlights the current state-of-the-art with respect to use of newer magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography techniques to improve assessment of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Konijeti R & Kibel AS. In:  Management of Bladder Cancer . Edited by Konety BR & Chang SS. Springer New York, 2015. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1881-2_6

Differential diagnosis The diagnosis of acute leukemia is rarely missed in patients presenting with leukocytosis or unexplained cytopenias, if the previously mentioned diagnostic tests are performed.

Feng J et al. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19: 117. doi:10.1186/s13058-017-0902-x

Rodriguez-Canales J, Parra-Cuentas E, & Wistuba II. In: Lung Cancer . Edited by Reckamp KL. Springer International Publishing, 2016. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40389-2_2