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Incidence: Observed with all ICIs with an incidence estimated to be 2.9% [2]. The incidence appears to be lowest with PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors, whilst combination therapy had a higher likelihood of producing hyperthyroidism than anti-CTLA4 monotherapy. The risk of hyperthyroidism is also higher with anti-PD-1 than anti-PD-L1 therapy.

Onset: Typical onset is usually from 7 weeks with CTA4 blockade and from 10 weeks in anti-PD-1 therapy [3].