Main

Endometrial cancer is the most common pelvic gynaecologic malignancy in industrialised countries, and the incidence is increasing (Amant et al, 2005). Treatment and prognosis are influenced by the surgical International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system and by histological subtype and grade (Amant et al, 2005; Pecorelli, 2009). Although ∼75% of the patients have tumours confined to the uterine corpus at the time of primary diagnosis, suggesting a favourable prognosis, 15–20% of these tumours recur with an aggressive and therapy-resistant behaviour (Salvesen et al, 2012).

Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth, invasion and metastatic spread. Tumour-associated vessels are structurally and functionally abnormal, typically exhibiting increased permeability, delayed maturation and potential for rapid proliferation (Fox et al, 2001; Baluk et al, 2003). For endometrial carcinomas, histological biomarkers reflecting the angiogenic phenotype of the tumour, such as microvascular density (MVD) and vascular proliferation have been identified as prognostic markers (Stefansson et al, 2006).

Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) is a novel functional imaging technique that allows a quantitative assessment of tissue perfusion and vascular permeability. This imaging technique enables characterisation of tumour microvasculature and depiction of the angiogenic profile in vivo (Tofts et al, 1999; Leach et al, 2012). Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is another functional MRI technique that characterises tissue microstructure based on water-diffusion properties, which are considered surrogate markers of tumour cellularity and cellular membrane integrity (Padhani et al, 2009). Both functional imaging methods, when performed as an adjunct to routinely applied conventional MRI (Amant et al, 2005; Haldorsen and Salvesen, 2012), may provide preoperative functional tumour characterisation with potential relevance for clinical phenotype and preoperative risk stratification in endometrial carcinoma patients.

This study explores the angiogenic profile of tumours based on histomorphological markers in relation to perfusion/permeability and diffusion parameters obtained from preoperative functional MRI in endometrial carcinoma patients. The value of the histomorphological markers and of functional MRI parameters in reflecting clinical phenotype, and in identification of patients with poor outcome in primary endometrial carcinomas, is also explored.

Materials and methods

Patient series, study setting and clinical outcome

This prospective study was conducted under institutional review board-approved protocols with informed consent from all patients. From May 2009 to February 2011 preoperative pelvic MRI, which included DCE-MRI and DWI was performed in 55 patients in whom the diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma was subsequently histologically verified at surgical staging. In 54 (out of 55) patients, sufficient tumour tissue was available to allow staining with immunohistochemical markers, and these patients constituted the study sample (n=54). All patients were diagnosed and treated at the same university hospital, which is a European Society for Gynaecologic Oncology accredited cancer centre serving a population of∼1 million inhabitants.

Follow-up data regarding recurrence, progression and survival have been collected from patient records and from correspondence with the responsible primary physicians or gynaecologists. Date of last follow-up was February 2013 and mean follow-up for survivors was 23 months (range 6–40).

Histological diagnosis and immunohistochemistry

All patients were surgically staged according to the revised FIGO staging system (2009) (Pecorelli, 2009). Surgical specimens were sectioned along the longitudinal plane of the uterus, and myometrial invasion and cervical stromal invasion were estimated grossly and confirmed microscopically according to standard procedures (Silverberg et al, 2003). Routine histopathology reports were generated without the knowledge of preoperative MRI findings. The pathologists documented the numbers and size of metastatic lymph nodes.

Immunohistochemical staining was performed with factor VIII and Ki67 enabling calculation of three parameters:

Microvessel density

The average number of microvessels within selected tumour areas was estimated. Sections were first examined at low magnifications ( × 25, × 100) to identify the most vascular areas of the tumours (i.e., areas with most intense factor VIII staining and the apparently highest density of microvessels) (Weidner et al, 1991). Subsequently, 10 fields ( × 250; field size, 0.424 mm2) were examined, except in a few cases in which less tumour tissue was available. The counts were expressed as the average of all fields examined (MVDmean; vessels per mm2).

Microvascular proliferation

Proliferating endothelial cells were recognised by their morphology, localisation and distinct Ki-67/factor VIII co-expression. Positive nuclei outside the endothelial cell layer, or within the vessel lumen, were avoided. Microvascular proliferation was expressed as average number of proliferation microvessels with Ki-67-positive endothelial cells of all fields examined (proliferating vessels per mm2).

Vascular proliferation index

Vascular proliferation index (VPI) is expressed by the ratio between the number of proliferating microvessels with Ki-67-positive endothelial cells (regardless of the number of positive endothelial cells per vessel) and the total number of factor VIII-positive microvessels (%), as examined within selected hotspot areas.

Magnetic resonance imaging protocol

Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on a 1.5T Siemens Avanto running Syngo MR B17 (Erlangen, Germany) using a six-channel body coil. Before imaging, 20 mg butylscopolamine bromide (Buscopan, Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany) was administered intravenously. The protocol included standard diagnostic MR imaging based on Guidelines of the European Society of Urogenital Imaging and functional imaging (Kinkel et al, 2009), which included DCE-MRI and DWI. Mean (range) interval between MR examination and surgical staging was 8.1 (1–36) days.

Structural MRI

This included pelvic sagittal and axial oblique (perpendicular to the long axis of the uterus) T2-weighted images and axial oblique T1-weighted gradient-echo images obtained before and after intravenous contrast administration (Dotarem, Guerbet: 0.1 mmol gadolinium per kilogram of body weight, 3 ml s−1 injection speed) using 2-min delay (Haldorsen et al, 2012). In addition, abdominal axial T1-weighted images and axial and coronal T2-weighted images were acquired up to the renal hila to assess lumboaortic lymphadenopathy.

Physiological MRI

Pelvic DCE-MRI was acquired with 12 axial slices using a 3D spoiled gradient echo (FLASH) sequence (echo time/repetition time (TE/TR)=1.05/2.64 ms, flip angle (FA)=12°, matrix=256 × 256, field of view (FOV)=30 × 30 mm2, slice thickness=5 mm, number of averages (NA)=1) with a temporal resolution of 2.49 s (Haldorsen et al, 2013). Sequential images were obtained from 30 s before administration of i.v. contrast to 6.3 min after i.v. contrast, with a pause of 33 s at 2 min post contrast (in order to acquire the diagnostic T1-weighted contrast-enhanced series). Multiple precontrast images were also acquired with different FAs of 4, 8, 12 and 15°.

Pelvic DWI was acquired using an axial 2D echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence with b-values of 0 and 1000 s mm−2 (TE/TR=79/3100 ms, matrix=128 × 128, FOV=30 × 30 mm2, slice thickness=5 mm, NA=12).

Data analysis

All images were analysed using NordicICE v.2.3.12 (NordicNeuroLab Inc., Bergen, Norway) by a radiologist (ISH with >7 years of experience with pelvic MR imaging) who was blinded for tumour stage, histological diagnosis and patient outcome. Standard images were used in combination with the physiological images for verification of anatomical structures and tumour location. Regions of interest (ROIs) were subsequently drawn manually on one functional image 2 min post contrast in each patient. Regions of interest were drawn directly on the functional images to avoid registration artefacts between structural and physiological images.

Two circular ROIs were drawn on the DCE-MRI series on the same single slice for each patient: ROI no. 1 was placed within the tumour avoiding necrotic or haemorrhagic areas and ROI no. 2 in a pelvic artery. The volume of ROI no. 1 had a median of 0.25 ml (mean 0.32 ml; range, 0.05–0.96 ml) and varied due to variable tumour size. The quality of the vessel signals in ROI no. 2 differed substantially between patients, most likely due to turbulence or flow artefacts. Thus, a population-based vessel signal, which was individually optimised in each patient using a blind source separation technique (Gruner and Taxt, 2006; Taxt et al, 2012), was used.

Because of the high temporal resolution in the dynamic series (∼2.5 s), a two-compartment model incorporating both capillary flow and permeability was chosen. An in-house implementation of the adiabatic approximation model of Johnson and Wilson (aaJW) (St Lawrence and Lee, 1998; Taxt et al, 2012) was thus used to analyse the contrast concentration curves in the myometrium and tumour regions in each patient. The time courses in each ROI were independently interpolated using a cubic spline interpolation (Matlab v.7.7, Mathworks Inc., Natick, MA, USA) to compensate for the time gap when the high-resolution T1-weighted images were acquired. Multiple precontrast flip angle acquisitions were used to convert from MR signal-intensities to contrast agent concentrations in time (Taxt et al, 2012). No temporal filtering or other smoothing was applied to the data. This model allowed the calculation of four independent parameters describing the tissue microvasculature: blood flow (Fb), extraction fraction (E), intravascular/capillary transit time (Tc) and transfer constant from extravascular extracellular space (EES) to the blood (Kep); and four derived parameters: blood volume (Vb) (Vb=Fb × Tc), volume of EES (Ve) (Ve=(E × Fb)/Kep), capillary permeability surface area product (PS) (E=1−exp(-PS/Fb(1−rHematocrit))) and transfer from the blood to EES (Ktrans) (Ktrans=E × Fb) (Taxt et al, 2012). Additionally, the integrated area under the concentration time curve (IAUGC) over 60 and 180 s was calculated to allow a non-model-based quantitative assessment of tumour enhancement (Leach et al, 2012).

Values for ADC were measured in ROIs of tumour tissue on the ADC map. Tumour volume was estimated based on the standard anatomical images with measurements of maximum tumour diameter in three orthogonal planes (x, y and z) using the following equation: Tumour volume=x × y × z/2.

Statistical analysis

The non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality was used to verify the normality assumption for the continuous variables analysed. The correlation between continuous variables (imaging parameters and angiogenic markers) was evaluated using the Pearson bivariate correlation test.

Median values were applied to explore the prognostic value of categories for the imaging parameters and angiogenic markers. Univariate analyses of time to recurrence (for patients considered cured by primary treatment) or progression (for patients known to have residual disease after primary treatment) were performed using the Kaplan–Meier test. Differences in recurrence-/progression-free survival were assessed by the Mantel–Cox (log rank) linear trend test. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to study the effect on survival of continuous variables. The data were analysed using SPSS v. 20.0 (Chicago, IL, USA). All reported P-values were two-sided and considered to indicate statistical significance when less than 0.05.

Results

Patients

Clinicopathological characteristics are listed in Table 1. All patients were primarily treated with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and hysterectomy consisting of simple hysterectomy in 94% (51/54) and radical hysterectomy in 6% (3/54). Pelvic lymph node sampling was performed in 89% (48/54) as part of the routine surgical staging procedure. In 33% (18/54) of the patients adjuvant therapy was given: 24% (13/55) had chemotherapy and 9% (5/54) had external pelvic radiation.

Table 1 Clinicopathological patient characteristics
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Median tumour size assessed by structural MRI was 5.9 ml (mean, 31.9; range, 0.1–611.0).

Angiogenic markers based on immunohistochemistry

Median microvessel density (MVD) was 47 (mean, 49; range, 15–97) microvessels per mm2. Median microvascular proliferation was 7 (mean, 7.6; range, 0–21) vessels/mm2, whereas median VPI was 3.0% (mean, 4.1%; range, 0–13.6%).

Physiological tumour parameters based on MRI

On the basis of DCE-MRI the independent physiological parameters reflecting microvasculature in the tumour tissue had a median of 9.3 (mean, 9.6; range 2.2–17.8) ml per 100 ml min−1 for blood flow (Fb); 0.39% (mean, 0.39%; range 0.24%–0.67%) for extraction fraction (E); 14.9 (mean, 15.0; range, 7.5–27.4) seconds for intravascular capillary transit time (Tc); and 0.29 (mean, 0.30; range, 0.10–0.55) per min for the transfer constant from EES to blood (Kep). The derived parameters had a median of 1.9 (mean, 2.2; range, 0.5–5.2) ml per 100 ml for blood volume (Vb); 11.9 (mean, 12.6; range, 3.9–29.4) ml per 100 ml for fractional volume of EES (Ve); 3.3 (mean, 3.4; range, 0.8–7.0) ml per 100 ml min−1 for capillary permeability surface area product (PS); and 2.6 (mean, 2.6; range, 0.6–5.2) ml per 100 ml min−1 for transfer from the blood to EES (Ktrans). Integrated area under the concentration time curve in the tumour had a median of 0.51 (mean, 0.57; range, 0.40–1.07) mM s over 60 s and a median of 2.71 (mean, 2.87; range, 1.67–5.02) mM s over 180 s.

Median ADC value in endometrial carcinoma tissue was 0.78 (mean, 0.82; range 0.60–1.20)x10−3 mm2s−1.

Correlation between angiogenic markers and imaging parameters

Microvascular proliferation was negatively correlated to tumour blood flow (Fb) (r=−0.36, P=0.008) (Figure 1A) and IAUGC over 60 s (r=−0.28, P=0.04) and 180 s (r=−0.36, P=0.007) (Table 2). Microvascular proliferation was also negatively correlated to capillary permeability surface area product (PS) (r=−0.39, P=0.004) and transfer from blood to EES (Ktrans) (r=−0.40, P=0.003), and was positively correlated to tumour volume (r=0.34; P=0.004) (Figure 1B) (Table 2). Similar but less significant correlations were observed between vascular proliferation index and tumour capillary permeability surface area product (PS) and transfer from blood to EES (Ktrans) (P=0.04 for both).

Figure 1
figure 1

Scatterplots depicting the negative correlation between microvascular proliferation in tumour tissue and estimated tumour blood flow ( r =−0.359, P =0.008; n =54) ( A ) and the positive correlation between microvascular proliferation in tumour tissue and tumour volume (log scale) ( r =0.338, P =0.004; n =54) ( B).

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Table 2 Correlation between angiogenesis markers by immunohistochemistry and imaging markers in tumour tissue-based on preoperative DCE-MRI (perfusion markers), DWI (diffusion marker) and conventional MRI (tumour volume) in endometrial carcinomas (n=54)
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No significant correlations were observed between the other physiological imaging parameters and the angiogenic markers; however, there were tendencies to positive correlation between microvascular proliferation and capillary transit time (Tc) (r=0.24, P=0.09) and negative correlations with the transfer constant from EES to blood (Kep) (r=−0.22, P=0.10), blood volume (Vb) (r=−0.23, P=0.09) and fractional volume of EES (Ve) (r=−0.26, P=0.06).

Prognostic value of angiogenic markers and imaging parameters

When ranked into two categories (using median limits) high microvascular proliferation (Figure 2A), high vascular proliferation index and high MVD were all significantly associated with reduced progression/recurrence-free survival (P<0.05) in endometrial carcinomas (Figures 3 and 4). Low tumour blood flow (Fb) (Figure 2B), low transfer from the blood to EES (Ktrans) and high capillary transit time (Tc) were also associated with reduced progression/recurrence-free survival (P<0.05).

Figure 2
figure 2

Kaplan–Meier curves depicting recurrence/progression-free survival according to microvascular proliferation ( A ) and tumour blood flow (Fb) ( B). For each category: number of cases/number of cases with recurrence or progression. P-values refer to the Log Rank test.

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Figure 3
figure 3

Sagittal ( A ) and axial ( B – E ) T2-weighted image ( A ), DCE image ( B ) with encircled ROI for calculation of DCE-MRI parameters, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted image ( C ), B1000 ( D ) and ADC map ( E ) of the uterus and immunohistochemical staining of tumour tissue ( F ) in a 66-year-old postmenopausal female with an undifferentiated carcinoma (FIGO stage 3C2). The large uterine tumour invading ⩾50% of the myometrial wall is inhomogeneous and hyperintense (closed arrows) on T2-weighted image (A) and hypointense (closed arrows) relative to the normal myometrial tissue on DCE image (B) and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted image (C). Calculated tumour blood flow (Fb) in the encircled ROI (B) was 3.5 ml/100 ml per minute indicating low blood flow. B1000 (D) depicts hyperintense tumour tissue (arrows) and corresponding hypointensity on ADC map (E) indicating restricted diffusion with a mean ADC value of 0.60 × 10−3 mm2 s−1 within the encircled ROI (E). Enlarged metastatic pelvic lymph nodes (B–F; open arrows) and peritoneal fluid in the recto-uterine pouch (A, curved arrow) were identified preoperatively. Immunohistochemical staining with Ki76/factor VIII (F; magnification × 400; arrows depict proliferating cells) showed 21 proliferating vessels per mm2 indicating high microvascular proliferation in the tumour. The patient was diagnosed with liver and lung metastases 5 months after primary surgical treatment (simple hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy) while still receiving adjuvant chemotherapy (carboplatin/paclitaxel).

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Figure 4
figure 4

Sagittal T2-weighted image ( A ), fused B1000 and T2-weighted image ( B ) and immunohistochemical staining of tumour tissue ( C ) in a 41-year-old premenopausal female with an endometrioid carcinoma (FIGO stage 1A). The tumour (arrows) invades <50% of the myometrial wall and is hyperintense on T2-weighted image and exhibits restricted diffusion with a mean ADC value of 0.93 × 10−3 mm2 s−1. Calculated tumour blood flow (Fb) was 13.5 ml per 100 ml per minute indicating relatively high blood flow. Immunohistochemical staining with Ki76/factor VIII (C; magnification × 400) showed low microvascular proliferation (0 proliferating vessels per mm2). The patient received primary treatment with hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy and had no signs of recurrence/progression during the following 3 years.

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When analysing the parameters as continuous variables, blood flow (Fb) and capillary transit time (Tc) had a significant impact on recurrence/progression-free survival with univariate hazard ratios of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.61–0.97; P=0.03) and 1.17 (95% CI, 1.03–1.32; P=0.02), respectively.

Discussion

This is, to our knowledge, the first study comparing measures of tumour vasculature in vivo based on quantitative DCE-MRI with measures of intra-tumour angiogenesis in tumour samples in endometrial carcinoma patients. Interestingly, we found that prognostic immunohistochemical markers reflecting microvascular proliferation were significantly correlated to markers of tumour tissue perfusion and permeability obtained from DCE-MRI measurements. Furthermore, these DCE-MRI markers also predicted recurrence/progression-free survival. Thus, we assume that the increased microvascular proliferation in endometrial carcinoma tissue detected has its correlate in specific alterations of the functional status of the tumour vasculature in vivo, with potential relevance for tumour progression and metastatic spread.

The two-compartment model applied for calculation of the parameters describing the microvasculature has some inherent inaccuracies and pitfalls. The use of a population-based arterial input function may confound the results when the cardiac output or the vascular resistance differ between patients (Leach et al, 2012). Furthermore, the two-compartment model assumes blood flow not to be a rate-limiting step; if incorrect, the assessment of the derived parameters are potentially flawed, and should thus be interpreted with care. The validity the DCE-MRI parameter Fb in this study is, however, supported by the finding that estimated blood flow (Fb) significantly correlated to the non-model-based parameter IAUGC over 180 s (r=0.53, P<0.001).

Negative correlations between microvascular proliferation and the DCE-MRI parameter blood flow (Fb) as well as the non-model-based parameters IAUGC over 60 s and 180 s (Table 2) were observed, indicating that reduced blood flow is a hallmark of tumours exhibiting increased microvascular proliferation. Furthermore, microvascular proliferation also negatively correlated with capillary permeability surface area product (PS) and transfer from the blood to EES (Ktrans), both parameters being derived from the blood flow (Fb) and from the extraction fraction (E) reflecting capillary leakage; thus PS and Ktrans reflect characteristics of both tumour perfusion and capillary permeability. Although no correlation was observed between microvascular proliferation and extraction fraction (E) (Table 2), we found that blood flow (Fb) and extraction fraction (E) were negatively correlated (r=−0.34, P=0.02), suggesting that the tumours with low blood flow have more leaky vessels.

The observed reduced blood flow accompanied by increased capillary leakage in tumours with high microvascular proliferation is somewhat puzzling, but may be related to the fact that tumour angiogenesis typically generates vessels that in spite of being numerous, are heterogeneous and coarse making them altogether dysfunctional (Carmeliet and Jain, 2011). The reduced flow is considered to be due to the increased leakiness of tumour vessels, also suggested in our data, through which escaping fluid raises the interstitial fluid pressure (Carmeliet and Jain, 2011). The notion of dysfunctional tumour vessels is also supported by the observed tendency of positive correlation between microvascular proliferation and capillary transit time (Tc) (Table 2), which is considered a marker of vessel heterogeneity. Similarly, for rectal cancer a negative correlation has been observed between MVD (using CD31 staining) and transfer from the blood to EES (Ktrans) at DCE-MRI (Atkin et al, 2006), suggesting that similar physiological mechanisms related to dysfunctional tumour microvasculature may exist for other tumour types as well.

This study confirms previous findings of a significant prognostic impact of the histological biomarker reflecting microvascular proliferation (Stefansson et al, 2006). The negative correlation to blood flow (Fb) accompanied by the negative prognostic impact of low tumour blood flow (Fb) suggests that tumour hypoxia may have a pivotal role in the pathogenic mechanisms leading to tumour growth and metastatic spread in endometrial cancer. Tumour hypoxia is described as a characteristic feature of various solid tumours and is believed to promote tumour progression, resistance to therapy and transformation to more aggressive phenotypes (Vaupel and Mayer, 2007; Carmeliet and Jain, 2011). Preclinical models of cervical cancer and melanoma xenografts have shown that the highly metastatic tumours have a greater fraction of hypoxic tissue using pimonidazole as hypoxia marker (Ovrebo et al, 2012) and lower values for transfer from the blood to EES (Ktrans) based on DCE-MRI (Ovrebo et al, 2012, 2013), both supporting hypoxia-associated metastatic spread in these cancer subtypes. An immunohistochemical study of endometrial carcinomas also reported increasingly expressed hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) from early stages through advanced stages (Ozbudak et al, 2008), supporting the importance of hypoxia for tumour progression in endometrial carcinomas.

Interestingly, as opposed to the significant correlations observed for microvascular proliferation and DCE-MRI parameters, no correlations were identified for MVD and the DCE-MRI parameters (Table 2). Thus, we infer that MVD to a lesser extent reflects the pathophysiology of the angiogenic microvessels than the amount of proliferating microvessels. Similarly, for breast cancer the proliferating microvessels reportedly express ongoing angiogenesis and predicts patient outcome better than the more commonly used tissue marker MVD (Arnes et al, 2012).

The observed lack of correlation between tumour ADC value and microvascular proliferation or MVD (Table 2) suggests that the tissue-based angiogenic profile of the tumour is only moderately related to changes in cellular density and extracellular space, being reflected in the tumour ADC value (Tamai et al, 2007). In line with this, no prognostic value of the preoperative tumour ADC value in endometrial carcinomas was previously reported (Haldorsen et al, 2013). Still, the relatively low number of patients studied calls for caution in the conclusion regarding negative findings.

This study has some limitations. First, exact colocalisation between histological sections and DCE-MRI tumour planes for ROI analyses was not possible, implying that the tumour tissue examined for microvascular proliferation is not necessarily included in the tumour volume, in which the functional characteristics of the vasculature are assessed. However, the ROI was placed in an apparently representative part of the tumour and reflects the ‘average’ functional characteristics of the tumour vasculature in a relatively large tumour volume potentially being more representative of the vascular profile of the entire tumour. Second, for calculation of the perfusion and diffusion parameters, the ROI analysis did not incorporate any spatial information as opposed to a voxel-by-voxel analysis that could potentially have detected microvascular heterogeneity. Furthermore, histogram analyses of the ROIs could potentially have provided additional information regarding the extent of tumour heterogeneity, which has been shown to yield prognostic information in various other malignant tumours (Davnall et al, 2012). The current approach was, however, chosen due to the higher signal-to noise ratio ensuring more reliable quantitative parameter estimations. Third, the analysed ROIs did not comprise the entire tumour volume, as the ROIs were drawn on a single slice and the periphery of the tumour as well as necrotic areas were intentionally excluded from the ROIs. This was, however, done in order to limit the inclusion of the necrotic tissue or normal myometrial tissue (that would otherwise be included due to minimal temporal changes in uterine position due to arterial pulsation and bowel peristalsis) in the analysed ROIs.

In summary, endometrial carcinomas that exhibit increased microvascular proliferation have lower tumour blood flow (Fb) in vivo assessed by DCE-MRI. Both microvascular proliferation and tumour blood flow have a significant impact on recurrence/progression-free survival in endometrial carcinomas. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that disorganised angiogenesis with coexisting vascular proliferation and hypoxia promotes tumour progression and metastatic spread in endometrial carcinomas. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging may offer a potential for early prediction of angiogenesis-related resistance to treatment (Wilson and Hay, 2011) or response to drugs targeting angiogenesis, but further studies in patients undergoing such treatment are needed to assess the clinical applicability.