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A Pooled Analysis of Bladder Cancer Case–Control Studies Evaluating Smoking in Men and Women

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Abstract

Objective A recent study suggested that risk of bladder cancer may be higher in women than in men who smoked comparable amounts of cigarettes. We pooled primary data from 14 case–control studies of bladder cancer from Europe and North America and evaluated differences in risk of smoking by gender.

Methods The pooled analysis included 8316 cases (21% women) and 17,406 controls (28% women) aged 30–79 years. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for smoking were adjusted for age and study. Exposure-response was evaluated in a stratified analysis by gender and by generalized additive models.

Results The odds ratios for current smokers compared to nonsmokers were 3.9 (95% CI 3.5–4.3) for males and 3.6 (3.1–4.1) for females. In 11 out of 14 studies, ORs were slightly higher in men. ORs for current smoking were similar for men (OR = 3.4) and women (OR = 3.7) in North America, while in Europe men (OR = 5.3) had higher ORs than women (OR = 3.9). ORs increased with duration and intensity in both genders and the exposure-response patterns were remarkably similar between genders.

Conclusion These results do not support the hypothesis that women have a higher relative risk of smoking-related bladder cancer than men.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Andrea Mannetje and Cristina Villanueva for their contribution in the original pooled analyses, Nuria Malats for participating in the planning of this pooled analysis.Funding: The study was partly supported by grant SOC 96-200742 05F02 of the Europe Against Cancer programme, and DG SANCO Project 2001/CAN/112 of the European Commission; by a grant by the Generalitat (Government) of Catalunya (DURSI 2001/SGR/00406); and by grants (01/1326E and G03/173) of the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Ministry of Education, Spain. M Kogevinas was partly funded by a visiting scientist award at the DCEG, NCI, Bethesda.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Respiratory and Environmental Health Research Unit, Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM), 80 Dr Aiguader Rd., Barcelona, 08003, Spain

    Diana Puente, Francisco Fernandez & Manolis Kogevinas

  2. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA

    Patricia Hartge, Kenneth P. Cantor, Debra Silverman & Manolis Kogevinas

  3. Bremen Institute for Prevention Research and Social Medicine, Bremen, Germany

    Eberhard Greiser

  4. Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Queen’s University, Ontario, Canada

    Will D. King

  5. Department of Epidemiology Catalan Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain

    Carlos A. González

  6. INSERM U435, Université de Rennes I, France

    Sylvaine Cordier

  7. Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, University of Turin, Italy

    Paolo Vineis

  8. Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

    Elsebeth Lynge

  9. Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Abteilung Epidemiologie, Heidelberg, Germany

    Jenny Chang-Claude & Jürgen Wahrendorf

  10. Institute of Occupational Health, University of Brescia, Italy

    Stefano Porru

  11. Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Medical School of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Anastasia Tzonou

  12. Institut für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie, Essen, Germany

    Karl-Heinz Jöckel

  13. Corporació Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain and Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain

    Consol Serra

  14. Institut d’Épidémiologie, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France

    Martine Hours

  15. Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, USA

    Charles F. Lynch

  16. Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF), Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany

    Ulrich Ranft

  17. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France

    Paolo Boffetta

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  1. Diana Puente
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  2. Patricia Hartge
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  3. Eberhard Greiser
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  4. Kenneth P. Cantor
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  5. Will D. King
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  15. Martine Hours
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  20. Francisco Fernandez
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  22. Manolis Kogevinas
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Correspondence to Manolis Kogevinas.

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Puente, D., Hartge, P., Greiser, E. et al. A Pooled Analysis of Bladder Cancer Case–Control Studies Evaluating Smoking in Men and Women. Cancer Causes Control 17, 71–79 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-005-0389-0

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