Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sarcoidosis

  • Chapter
Pulmonary Pathology

Abstract

Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease that involves the lungs in almost all afflicted individuals. The pathologist plays a major and essential role in the management of patients with sarcoidosis because definitive establishment of the diagnosis depends on the microscopic examination of tissue. The nature of this enigmatic disease has perplexed physicians since the first description of its histologic features by Boeck in 1905. Interest in sarcoidosis has stimulated an enormous amount of research into its etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, abnormalities of the immune system, and clinical aspects. These efforts have resulted in thousands of publications1,2 and 12 international conferences on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders.3–5 Yet, despite the substantial increase in knowledge about the various aspects of sarcoidosis gained during the past 100 years, its etiology remains entirely unknown. Many excellent publications present comprehensive and updated coverage of its immunological and clinical and radiographic features, epidemiology, abnormal physiology, diagnostic modalities, treatment, etc.6–12

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Mandel W, Thomas JH, Carman CT, McGovern JP. Bibliography on sarcoidosis 1878–1963. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Public Health Service Publication No. 1213, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ito Y. Bibliography on sarcoidosis. Tokyo: World Education, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Chrétien J, Marsac J, Saltiel JC, eds. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ninth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Paris: Pergamon Press, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Johns CJ, ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 465.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Grassi C, Rizzato G, Pozzi E, eds. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Proceedings of the XI world congress on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  6. James DG, Jones Williams W. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Crystal RG, Bitterman PB, Rennard SI, Hance AJ, Keogh BA. Interstitial lung diseases of unknown cause, Part 1. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 154–166.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Crystal RG, Bitterman PB, Rennard SI, Hance AJ, Keogh BA. Interstitial lung diseases of unknown cause, Part 2. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 235–244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Fanburg BL, ed. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases of the lung. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Berkmen YM. Radiologic aspects of intrathoracic sarcoidosis. Semin Roentgenol 1985; 20: 356–375.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sharma OP. Sarcoidosis. DM 1990; 36: 474–535.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Thomas PD, Hunninghake GW. Current concepts of the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 747–760.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. James DG, Turiaf J, Hosoda Y, et al. Description of sarcoidosis: Report of the committee on classification and definition. In: Siltzbach LE, ed. Seventh international conference on sarcoidosis and other granuloma-tous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 278: 742.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Scadding JG. Further observations on sarcoidosis associated with M. tuberculosis infection. In: Levinsky L, Macholda F, eds. Proceedings of the fifth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Prague: Universita Karlova, 1971: 89–92.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Zettergren L. Lymphogranulomatosis benigna. Acta Soc Med Ups (suppl 5) 1954; 5: 1–180.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Vänek J, Schwarz J. Demonstration of acid-fast rods in sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1970; 101: 395–400.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Mankiewicz E, van Walbeek M. Mycobacteriophages: Their role in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis. Arch Environ Health 1962; 5: 122–128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Chapman, JS, Speight M. Further studies of mycobacterial antibodies in the sera of sarcoidosis patients. Acta Med Scand (Suppl) 1964; 425: 61–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Siltzbach LE. Sarcoidosis and mycobacteria. Am Rev Respir Dis 1968; 97: 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Kok TC,Haasjes JG, Splinter TAW, ten Kate FJ. Sarcoid-like lymphadenopathy mimicking metastatic testicular cancer. Cancer 1991; 68: 1845–1847.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Toner GC, Bosl GL. Sarcoidosis, “sarcoid-like lymphadenopathy,” and testicular germ cell tumors. Am J Med 1990; 89: 651–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Familial associations in sarcoidosis: A report to the Research Committee of the British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association. Tubercle 1973; 54: 87–98.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Brewerton DA, Cockburn C, James DCO, James DG, Neville E. HLA antigens in sarcoidosis. Clin Exp Immunol 1977; 27: 227–229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. James DG, Jones Williams W. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985: 220.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Sharma OP, Neville E, Walker AN, James DG. Familial sarcoidosis: A possible genetic influence. In: Siltzbach LE, ed. Seventh international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 278: 386–400.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Harf RA, Ethevenaux C, Gleize J, Perrin-Fayolle M, Guerin JC, 011agnier C. Reduced prevalence of smokers in sarcoidosis: Results of a case control study. In: Johns CJ, ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 465: 625–631.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Valeyre D, Soler P, Clerici C, et al. Smoking and pulmonary sarcoidosis: Effect of cigarette smoke on prevalence, clinical manifestations, alveolitis and evolution of the disease. Thorax 1988; 43: 516–524.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Bresnitz EA, Israel H, Stolley PD, Soper K. Possible risk factors for sarcoidosis: A case control study. In: Johns CJ, ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 465: 632–642.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Adams DO. The biology of the granuloma. In: loachim HL, ed. Pathology of granulomas. New York: Raven Press, 1983: 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  30. James DG, Neville E. Pathobiology of sarcoidosis. Pathobiol Annu 1977; 7: 31–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Adams DO. The granulomatous inflammatory response. Am J Pathol 1976; 84: 163–192.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Tanaka A, Emori K, Nagao S, et al. Epithelioid granuloma formation requiring no T-cell function. Am J Pathol 1982; 106: 165–170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Jagadha V, Andavolu RH, Huang CT. Granulomatous inflammation in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 1985; 84: 598–602.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Boros DL. Granulomatous inflammation. Prog Allergy 1978; 24: 184–267.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Epstein WL. Granuloma formation in man. Pathobiol Annu 1977; 7: 1–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Spector WG. The macrophage: Its origins and role in pathology. Pathobiol Annu 1974; 4: 33–64.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Spector WG. Granulomatous hypersensitivity. Prog Allergy 1967; 11: 36–88.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Crystal RG, Roberts WC, Hunninghake GW, Gadek JE, Fulmer JD, Line BR. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: A disease characterized and perpertuated by activated lung T lymphocytes. Ann Intern Med 1981; 94: 73–94.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Hunninghake GW, Fulmer JD, Young RC, Gadek JE, Crystal RG. Localization of the immune response in sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979; 120: 49–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Hunninghake GW, Crystal RG. Pulmonary sarcoidosis: A disorder mediated by excess helper T-lymphocyte activity at sites of disease activity. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 429–434.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rosen Y, Athanassiades TJ, Moon S, Lyons HA. Nongranulomatous interstitial pneumonitis in sarcoidosis: relationship to the development of epithelioid granulomas. Chest 1978; 74: 122–125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Semenzato G, Pezzutto G, Chilossi M, Ossi E, Angi MR, Cipriani A. Immunohistological study in sarcoidosis: evaluation at different sites of disease activity. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1984; 30: 29–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Hunninghake GW, Crystal RG. Mechanisms of hypergammaglobulinemia in pulmonary sarcoidosis: Site of increased antibody production and role of T lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 1981; 67: 86–92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Semenzato G. The sarcoid granuloma formation-immunology. In: Grassi C, Rizzato G, Pozzi E, eds. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Proceedings of the XI world congress on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1988: 73–87.

    Google Scholar 

  45. van Furth R, Cohn ZA, Hirsch JG, Humphrey JH, Spector WG, Langevoort HL. The mononuclear phagocyte system: A new classification of macrophages, monocytes and their precursor cells. Bull W-HO 1972; 46: 845–852.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Spector WG. Chronic inflammation. In: Zweifach BW, Grant L, McCluskey RT, eds. The inflammatory process, Vol.3, 2d Ed. New York: Academic Press, 1974: 277–290.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Wilkinson PC. Chemotaxis and inflammation. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ward PA, Becker EL. Biology of leukotaxis. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1977; 77: 125–148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. van Furth R, Fedorko ME. Ultrastructure of mouse mononuclear phagocytes in bone marrow: colonies grown in vitro. Lab Invest 1976; 34: 440–450.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Nichols BA, Bainton DF. Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of mononuclear phagocytes. In: van Furth R, ed. Mononuclear phagocytes in immunity, infection and pathology. Oxford: Blackwell, 1975: 17–56.

    Google Scholar 

  51. van Furth R. Mononuclear phagocytes in inflammation. In: Vane JR, Ferreira SH, eds. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, Vol. 50, Part 1. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1978: 68–108.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Stewart CC, Lin HS. Macrophage growth factor and its relationship to colony stimulating factor. J Reticuloendothel Soc 1978; 23: 269–285.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. van der Zeijst BAM, Stewart CC, Schlesinger S. Proliferative capacity of mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. J Exp Med 1978; 147: 1253–1266.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Cohn ZA. The activation of mononuclear phagocytes: Fact, fancy and future. J Immunol 1978; 121: 813–816.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Nelson DS. Macrophages and cell-mediated immunity. In: Gadebusch HH, ed. Phagocytes and cellular immunity. Cleveland: CRC Press, 1979: 57–100.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Keller R. Mononuclear phagocytes and antitumor resistance: A discussion. In: James K, McBride A, Stuart A, eds. Symposium on the macrophage and cancer. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 1979: 31–49.

    Google Scholar 

  57. North RJ. The concept of the activated macrophage. J Immunol 1978; 121: 806–809.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Meltzer MS, Ruco LP, Boraschi B, Nacy CA. Macrophage activation for tumoricidal toxicity: analysis of intermediary reactions. J Reticuloendothel Soc 1979; 26: 403–416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lasser A. The mononuclear phagocytic system. Hum Pathol 1983; 14: 108–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Pierce CW. Macrophages: Modulators of immunity. Am J Pathol 1980; 98: 10–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Unanue ER. The regulatory role of macrophages in antigen stimulation, Part 2: symbiotic relationships between lymphocytes and macrophages. Adv Immunol 1981; 31: 1–136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Unanue ER. Secretory function of mononuclear phagocytes. Am J Pathol 1976; 83: 396–417.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Hunninghake GW. Release of interleukin-1 by alveolar macrophages of patients with active pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129: 569–572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Spector WG, Mariano M. Macrophage behaviour in experimental granulomas. In: van Furth R, ed. Mononuclear phagocytes in infection, immunity and pathology. Oxford; Blackwell, 1975: 927–942.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Hirsch BC, Johnson WC. Concepts of granulomatous inflammation. Int J Dermatol 1984; 23: 90–100.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Soler P,Basset F, Bernaudin JF, Chrétien J. Morphology and distribution of the cells of a sarcoid granuloma: Ultrastructural study of serial sections. In: Siltzbach LE, ed. Seventh international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 278: 147–160.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Chambers TJ. Multinucleate giant cells. J Pathol 1978; 126: 125–148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Papadimitriou JM, Sforsina D, Papaelias L. Kinetics of multinucleate giant cell formation and their modification by various agents in foreign body reactions. Am J Pathol 1973; 73: 349–364.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Black MM, Epstein WL. Formation of multinucleate giant cells in organized epithelioid cell granulomas. Am J Pathol 1974; 74: 263–274.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Ginns LC, Goldenheim PD, Burton RC et al. T-lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood and lung lavage in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and sarcoidosis: Analysis by monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1982; 25: 11–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Ward PA, Remold HG, David JR. Leukotactic factor produced by sensitized lymphocytes. Science 1969; 163: 1079–1081.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Oppenheim JJ. Lymphokines. In: Oppenheim JJ, Rosenstreich M, Potter M, eds. Cellular functions in immunity and inflammation. New York: Elsevier/North Holland, 1981: 259–282.

    Google Scholar 

  73. David JR, Rocklin RE. Lymphocyte mediators “the lymphokines”. In: Samter M, ed. Immunological diseases, Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown, 1978: 307–324.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Rocklin RE. Products of activated lymphocytes: Leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF) distinct from migration inhibition factor(MIF). J Immunol 1974; 112: 1461–1466.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Hunninghake GW, Bedell GN, Zavala DC, Monnick M, Brady M. Role of interleukin-2 release by lung T cells in active pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: 634–638.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Byrne EB, Evans AS, Fouts DW, Israel HL. Serological hyperreactivity to Epstein-Barr virus and other viral antigens in sarcoidosis. In: Iwai K, Hosoda Y, eds. Proceedings of the sixth international conference on sarcoidosis. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1974: 218–225.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Lawrence EC, Martin RR, Blease RM, et al. Increased bronchoalveolar IgG secreting cells in interstitial lung diseases. N Engl J Med 1980; 302: 1186–1188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Berman B, Fox JL, Teirstein AS. Quantitation of cutaneous Langerhans cells of sarcoidosis patients. In: Johns CJ, ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 465: 250–259.

    Google Scholar 

  79. James DG. Granulomatous disorders which mimic sarcoidosis. In: Iwai K, Hosoda Y, eds. Proceedings of the sixth international conference on sarcoidosis. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1974: 132–135.

    Google Scholar 

  80. James DG. Sarcoidosis. DM 1970: February (special issue).

    Google Scholar 

  81. Semenzato G, Pezzutto A, Chisoli M, Pizzola G. Redistribution of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes of patients with sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: 48–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Modlin RL, Hofman FM, Meyer PR, Sharma OP, Taylor CR, Rea TH. In situ demonstration of T lymphocyte subsets in granulomatous inflammation: Leprosy, rhinoscleroma and sarcoidosis. Clin Exp Immunol 1983; 51: 430–438.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Modlin RL, Hofman FM, Sharma OP, Gottlieb B, Taylor CR, Rea TH. Demonstration in situ of subsets of T-lymphocytes in sarcoidosis. Am J Dermatopathol 1984; 6: 423–427.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. van Maarsseven A, Mullink H, Alons C, Stam J. Distribution of T-lymphocyte subsets in different portions of sarcoid granulomas: Immunohistologic analysis with monoclonal antibodies. Hum Pathol 1986; 17: 493–500.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Van Den Oord JJ, DeWolf-Peeters C, Facchetti F, Des-met VJ. Cellular composition of hypersensitivity type granulomas. Hum Pathol 1984; 15: 559–565.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Ricker W, Clark M. Sarcoidosis: a clinico-pathologic review of 300 cases, including 22 autopsies. Am J Clin Pathol 1949; 19: 725–749.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Rosen Y, Vuletin JC, Pertschuk LP, Silverstein E. Sarcoidosis from the pathologist’s vantage point. Pathol Annu 1979; 14 (part 1): 405–439.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Cree IA, Nurbhai S, Milne G, Swanson Beck J. Cell death in granulomata: The role of apoptosis. J Clin Pathol 1987; 40: 1314–1319.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Carlens E, Hanngren A, Ivemark B. The concomitance of feverish onset of sarcoidosis and necrosis formation in the lymph nodes. In: Iwai K, Hosoda Y, eds. Proceedings of the sixth international conference on sarcoidosis. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1974: 409–412.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Dannenberg AM, Jr., Sugimoto M. Liquefaction of caseous foci in tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976; 113: 257–259.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Medlar EM. A study of the process of caseation in tuberculosis. Am J Pathol 1926; 2: 275–290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Rich AR. The pathogenesis of tuberculosis, 2d Ed. Springfield: Thomas, 1951: 734–742.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Zak F. Contribution to the origin, development and experimental production of laminated calcino-siderotic Schaumann bodies. Acta Med Scand (suppl) 1964; 425: 21–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Jones Williams W. The nature and origin of Schaumann bodies. J Pathol Bacteriol 1960; 79: 193–201.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Visscher D, Churg A, Katzenstein AA. Significance of crystalline inclusions in lung granulomas. Mod Pathol 1988; 1: 415–419.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Reid JD, Andersen ME. Calcium oxalate in sarcoid granulomas. Am J Clin Pathol 1988; 90: 545–558.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Cain H, Kraus B. The ultrastructure and morphogenesis of asteroid bodies in sarcoidosis and other granulo-matous disorders. In: Williams JW, Davies BH eds. Eighth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases. Cardiff: Alpha Omega, 1980: 30–37.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Jones Williams W, Williams D. “Residual bodies” in sarcoid and sarcoid-like granulomas. J Clin Pathol 1967; 20: 574–577.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Hamazaki T. Über ein Neues, säuerfeste Substanz führendes Spindelkörperchen der Menschlichen Lymphdrüsen. Virchows Arch (Pathol Anat) 1938; 301: 490–522.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Carter CJ, Gross MA. The selective staining of curious bodies in the lymph nodes as a means for the diagnosis of sarcoid. Stain Technol 1969; 44: 1–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Baro C, Butt CG. Hamazaki-Wesenberg bodies in sarcoidosis. Lab Med Bull Pathol 1970; 102: 281.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Boyd JF, Valentine JC. Unidentified yellow bodies in human lymph nodes. J Pathol 1970; 102: 58–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Doyle WF, Brahman HD, Burgess JH. The nature of the yellow-brown bodies in peritoneal lymph nodes. Histochemical and electron microscopic evaluation of these bodies in a case of suspected sarcoidosis. Arch Pathol 1973; 96: 320–326.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Sieracki JC, Fisher ER. The ceroid nature of so-called “Hamazaki-Wesenberg” bodies. Am J Clin Pathol 1973; 59: 248–253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Boutet M. Etude ultrastructurale et histochimique des corps d’Hamazaki-Wesenberg dans la sarcoidose ganglionaire. Ann Anat Pathol 1975; 20: 201–212.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Wesenberg W. On acid-fast Hamazaki spindle bodies in sarcoidosis of lymph nodes and on double refractile cell inclusions in sarcoidosis of the lungs. Arch Klin Exp Dermatol 1966; 227: 101–107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Vuletin JC, Rosen Y. Nature of pseudo-fungal budding structures (Hamazaki-Wesenberg bodies) and asteroid bodies in sarcoidosis (abstract). Am J Clin Pathol 1977; 68: 99.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Senba M, Kawai K. Nature of yellow-brown bodies. Histochemical and ultrastructural studies on the brown pigment. Zentralbl Allg Pathol Anat 1989; 135: 351–355.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Hall M, Eusebi V. Yellow-brown spindle bodies in mesenteric lymph nodes: A possible relationship with melanosis coli. Histopathology 1978; 2: 47–52.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Spencer H. Pathology of the lung. 4th Ed. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1985: 828–829.

    Google Scholar 

  111. James DG, Neville E, Siltzbach LE, et al. A worldwide review of saroicdosis. In: Siltzbach LE, ed. Seventh international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 278: 321–334.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Rosen Y, Amorosa JK, Moon S, Cohen J, Lyons HA. Occurrence of lung granulomas in patients with stage 1 sarcoidosis. AJR 1977; 129: 1083–1085.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Eule H. Findings by lung biopsy in patients with Löfgren’s syndrome. In: Levinsky L, Macholda F, eds. Proceedings of the fifth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Prague: Universita Karlova, 1971; 469–471.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Freiman DG. The pathology of sarcoidosis. Semin Roentgenol 1985; 20: 327–339.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. James DG, Jones Williams W. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985: 46–53.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Löfgren S. Erythema nodosum: studies on aetiology and pathogenesis in 185 adult cases. Acta Med Scand 1946(suppl 174); 124: 1–197.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Winterbauer RH, Moore KD. A clinical interpretation of bilateral hilar adenopathy. Ann Intern Med 1973; 78: 65–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. James DG, Jones Williams W. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1985: 49.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Chang JC, Driver AG, Townsend CA, Kataria YP. Hemoptysis in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis 1987; 4: 49–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Johns CJ, Schonfeld SA, Scott PP. The course and management of 53 patients with hemoptysis in sarcoidosis. In: Grassi C, Rizzato G, Pozzi E, eds. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Proceedings of the XI world congress on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1988: 417–420.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Carrington CB, Gaensler EA, Mikus JP, Schachter AW, Burke GW, Goff AM. Structure and function in sarcoidosis. In: Siltzbach LE, ed. Seventh international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 278: 265–283.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Huang CT, Heurich AE, Rosen Y, Moon S, Lyons HA. Pulmonary sarcoidosis. Roentgenographic, functional and pathologic considerations. Respiration 1979; 37: 337–345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Smellie H, Hoyle G. The natural history of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Q J Med 1960; 29: 539–558.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Daniel TM. Sarcoidosis. In: Baum GL, Wolinsky E, eds. Textbook of pulmonary diseases. 3rd Ed. Boston: Little Brown, 1983: 685–701.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Fraser RG, Pare JAP. Diagnosis of disease of the chest. 2d Ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1979: 1675–1689.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Longcope WT, Freiman DG. A study of sarcoidosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1952; 31: 1–132.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Rosen Y, Moon S. Unpublished data.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Lacronique J, Bernaudin JF, Soler P, et al. Alveolitis and granulomas: Sequential course in pulmonary sarcoidosis. In: Chrétien J, Marsac J, Saltiel JC, eds. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ninth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Paris: Pergamon, 1983: 36–42.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Angi MR, Ossi E, Secchi AG, et al. The conjunctiva as a primary site of involvement in sarcoidosis. In: International Committee on Sarcoidosis, 10th international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders (abstracts). Baltimore, 1984: 77.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Daniele RP, Elias JA, Epstein PE, Rossman MD. Bronchoalveolar lavage: Role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of interstitial lung disease. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 93–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Campbell DA, Poulter LW, Du Bois RM. Immunocompetent cells in bronchoalveolar lavage reflect the cell populations in transbronchial biopsies in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 1300–1306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Unanue ER, Benacerraf B. Immunologic events in experimental hypersensitivity granulomas. Am J Pathol 1973; 71: 34O - 364.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Spector WG, Heesom N. The production of granulo-mata by antigen-antibody complexes. J Pathol 1969; 98: 31–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Hunninghake GW, Kawanami O, Ferrans VJ, Young RC, Roberts WC, Crystal RG. Characterization of the inflammatory and immune effector cells in the lung parenchyma of patients with interstitial lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 123: 407–412.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Halsam PL, Turton CWG, Heard B, Lukoszek A, Collins J V. Bronchoalveolar lavage in pulmonary fibrosis: Comparison of cells obtained with lung biopsy and clinical features. Thorax 1980; 35: 9–18.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Paradis IL, Rogers RM, Rabin BS, Dauber JH. Lymphocyte phenotypes in bronchoalveolar lavage and lung tissue in sarcoidosis. In: Johns CJ, ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granuloma-tous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 465: 148–156.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Reynolds HY, Newhall HH. Analysis of proteins and respiratory cells obtained from human lungs by bronchial lavage. J Lab Clin Med 1974; 84: 559–573.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Hunninghake GW, Gadek JE, Kawanami O, Ferrans VJ, Crystal RG. Inflammatory and immune processes in the human lung in health and disease: Evaluation by bronchoalveolar lavage. Am J Pathol 1979; 97: 149–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Crapo JD, Barry BE, Gehr P, Bachofen M, Weibel ER. Cell number and cell characteristics of the normal human lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982; 126: 332–337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Keogh BA, Hunninghake GW, Line BR, Crystal RG. The alveolitis of pulmonary sarcoidosis: Evaluation of natural history and alveolitis dependent changes in lung function. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: 256–265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Israel-Biet D, Venet A, Chrétien J. Persistent high alveolar lymphocytosis as a predictive criterion of chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis. In: Johns CJ, ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granuloma-tous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 465: 395–406.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Costabel U, Bross KJ, Guzman J, Nilles A, Rühle KH, Matthys, H. Predictive value of bronchoâlveolar T cell subsets for the course of pulmonary sarcoidosis. In: Johns CJ, ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 465: 418–426.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Takahashi M. Histopathology of sarcoidosis and its immunological bases. Acta Pathol Jpn 1970; 20: 171–182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Teilum G. Morphogenesis and development of sarcoid lesions. Similarities to the group of collagenosis. Acta Med Scand (Suppl) 1964; 425: 14–18.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Addrizzo JR, Minkowitz S, Lyons HA. Triple biopsy in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. In: Levinsky L, Macholda F, eds. Proceedings of the fifth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Prague: Universita Karlova, 1971: 476 479.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Rosen Y, Moon S, Huang CT, Gourin A, Lyons HA. Granulomatous pulmonary angiitis in sarcoidosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1977; 101: 170–174.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Levine BW, Saldana M, Hutter AM. Pulmonary hypertension in sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1971; 103: 413–417.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Smith LJ, Lawrence JB, Katzenstein AA. Vascular sarcoidosis: a rare cause of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Med Sci 1983; 285: 38–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Crissman JD, Koss M, Carson RP. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease secondary to granulomatous venulitis. Am J Surg Pathol 1980; 4: 93–99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Hoffstein V, Ranganathan N, Mullen JBM. Sarcoidosis simulating pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134: 809–811.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Portier F, Lerebours-Pigeonniere G, Thiberville L, et al. Sarcoïdose simulant une maladie veino-occlusive pulmonaire. Rev Mal Resp 1991; 8: 101–102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Turiaf J, Battesti P, Marland P, Basset F, Amouroux F. Sarcoidosis involving large pulmonary arteries. In: Williams JW, Davies BH, eds. Eighth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases. Cardiff: Alpha Omega, 1980: 3–8.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Freiman DG, Hardy HL. Beryllium disease. Hum Pathol 1970; 1: 25–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Kitaichi M, Izumi T. Comparative pulmonary pathology of sarcoidosis, chronic beryllium disease and hypersensitivity pneumonitis based on open lung biopsy specimens. In: International Committee On Sarcoidosis, 10th international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders (abstracts). Baltimore, 1984; 65.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Mikami R, Sekiguchi M, Ryuzin Y, et al. Changes in peripheral vasculature of various organs of patients with sarcoidosis-possible role of microangiopathy. Heart Vessels 1986; 2: 129–139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Mochizuki I, Kobayashi T, Wada R, et al. Vascular lesions in the biopsied bronchus of patients with sarcoidosis: Changes of the endothelial cells in aggregation of eosinophils. Sarcoidosis 1990; 7: 35–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Takemura T, Matsui Y, Oritsu M, et al. Pulmonary vascular involvement in sarcoidosis: Granulomatous angiitis and microangiopathy in transbronchial lung biopsies. Virchows Archiv [A] 1991; 418: 361–368.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Littler LPW. Bronchoscopy in sarcoidois. In: Levinsky L, Macholda F, eds. Proceedings of the fifth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granuloma-tous disorders. Prague: Universita Karlova, 1971: 463–465.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Siltzbach LE, Cahn LR. Random biopsy of bronchial and palatal mucosa in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. In: Lofrgren S, ed. Proceedings of the third international conference on sarcoidosis. Acta Med Scand 1964(suppl); 425: 230–233.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Sharma OP, Izumi T. The importance of airway obstruction in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis 1988; 5: 119–120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Miller A, Teirstein AS, Jackler I, Siltzbach LE. Evidence of airway involvement in late pulmonary sarcoidosis using flow-volume curves and nitrogen washout. In: Iwai K, Hosoda Y, eds. Proceedings of the sixth international conference on sarcoidosis. Baltimore: University Park, 1974: 421–424.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Olsson T, Björnstad-Petersen H, Stjernberg NL. Bronchostenosis due to sarcoidosis. Chest 1979; 75: 663–666.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Miller A, Brown LK, Teirstein AS. Fixed upper airway obstruction (UAO) caused by bilateral bronchial stenosis in sarcoidosis. In: International Committee On Sarcoidosis. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Abstracts. Baltimore, 1984: 86.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Hadfield JW, Page RL, Flower CDR, Stark JE. Localized airways narrowing in sarcoidosis. Thorax 1982; 37: 443–447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Chusid E., Siltzbach LE. Sarcoidosis of the pleura. Ann Intern Med 1974; 81: 190–194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Wilen SB, Rabinowitz JG, Ulreich S, Lyons HA. Pleural involvement in sarcoidosis. Am J Med 1974; 57: 200–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Beekman JF, Zimmet SM, Chun BK, Miranda AA, Katz S. Spectrum of pleural involvement in sarcoidosis. Arch Intern Med 1976; 136: 323–330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Vracko R. Significance of basal lamina for regeneration of injured lung. Virchows Arch (Pathol Anat) 1972; 355: 264–274.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Madri JA, Furthmayr H. Collagen polymorphism in the lung: An immunochemical study of pulmonary fibrosis. Hum Pathol 1980; 11: 353–366.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Editorial. Collagen in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lancet 1979;ii2:1277–1278.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Rennard SI, Hunninghake GW, Bitterman PB, Crystal RG. Production of fibronectin by the human alveolar macrophage: Mechanism for the recruitment of fibroblasts to the site of tissue injury in interstitial lung diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 7147–7151.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Ruoslahti E, Enegvall E, Hayman EG. Fibronectin: current concepts of its structure and functions. Collagen Rel Res 1981; 1: 95–128.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Bitterman PB, Rennard SI, Hunninghake GW. Human alveolar macrophage growth factor for fibroblasts: regulation and partial characterization. J Clin Invest 1982; 70: 806–822.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Mayock RL, Bertrand P, Morisson CE, Scott JH. Manifestations of sarcoidosis. Am J Med 1963; 35: 67–89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Israel HL, Ostrow A. Sarcoidosis and aspergilloma. Am J Med 1969; 47: 243–250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Fresko D, Lazarus SS. Reactive systemic amyloidosis complicating long-standing sarcoidosis. NY State J Med 1982; 82: 232–234.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Swanton RH, Peters DK, Burn JI. Sarcoidosis and amyloidosis. Proc R Soc Med 1971; 64: 1002–1003.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Sharma OP, Koss M, Buck F. Sarcoidosis and amyloidosis: is the association causal or coincidental? Sarcoidosis 1987: 4: 139–141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. R¢mer FK. Sarcoidosis and cancer: A prospective study. In: Grassi C, Rizzato G, Pozzi E, eds. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Proceedings of the XI world congress on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1988: 327–328.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Neville E, Walker AN, James DG. Prognostic factors predicting the outcome of sarcoidosis; an analysis of 818 patients. Q J Med 1983; 52: 525–533.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Huang CT, Heurich AE, Sutton AL, Rosen Y, Lyons HA. Mortality in sarcoidosis. In: Williams JW, Davies BH, eds. Eighth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases. Cardiff: Alpha Omega, 1980: 522–526.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Iwai K, Taschibana T, Hosoda Y, Matsui Y. Sarcoidosis autopsies in Japan. Sarcoidosis 1988; 5: 60–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Sones M, Israel HL. Course and prognosis of sarcoidosis. Am J Med 1960; 29: 84–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Battesti JP, Georges R, Basset F, Saumon G. Chronic cor pulmonale in sarcoidosis. Thorax 1978; 33: 76–84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Sharma OP, Klatt E. Factors which adversely affect the course of sarcoidosis: An analysis of 111 autopsied cases of sarcoidosis. In: Grassi C, Rizzato G, Pozzi E, eds. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Proceedings of the XI world congress on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1988: 421–422.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Kent DC, Houk VN, Elliot RC, Sokolowisi JW, Baker JH, Sorensen K. The definitive evaluation of sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1970; 101: 721–727.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Aisner SC, Gupta PK, Frost JH. Sputum cytology in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Acta Cytol 1977; 21: 394–398.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Vernon SE. Nodular pulmonary sarcoidosis: diagnosis with fine needle aspiration biopsy. Acta Cytol 1985; 29: 473–476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Shure D, Fedullo PF. Transbronchial needle aspiration of peripheral masses. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: 1090–1092.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Frable MA, Frable WJ. Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of sarcoid of the head and neck. Acta Cytol 1984; 28: 175–177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Selroos O. Fine needle aspiration biopsy of the spleen in diagnosis of sarcoidosis. In: Siltzbach LE, ed. Seventh international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 278: 517–521

    Google Scholar 

  192. Fulkerson WJ. Current concepts: Fiberoptic bronchoscopy. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 511–515.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Teirstein AS, Chuang M, Miller A, Siltzbach LE. Flexible-bronchoscope biopsy of lung and bronchial wall in intrathoracic sarcoidosis. In: Siltzbach LE, ed. Seventh international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 278: 522–527.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Koerner SK, Sakowitz AJ, Appelman RI, Becker NH, Schoenbaum SW. Transbronchial lung biopsy for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 1975; 293: 268–270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Koontz CH, Joyner LR, Nelson RA. Transbronchial lung biopsy via the fiberoptic bronchoscope in sarcoidosis. Ann Intern Med 1976; 85: 64–66.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Khan MA, Corona F, Masson RG. Transbronchial lung biopsy for sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 1976; 295: 225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Poletti V, Patelli M, Spiga L, Ferracini R, Manetto V. Transbronchial lung biopsy in pulmonary sarcoidosis; Is it an evaluable method in detection of disease activity? Chest 1986; 89: 361–365.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Gilman MJ, Wang KP. Transbronchial lung biopsy in sarcoidosis. An approach to determine the optimal number of biopsies. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 122: 721–724.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Roethe RA, Fuller PB, Byrd RB, Hafermann DR. Transbroncial lung biopsy in sarcoidosis. Chest 1980; 77: 400–402.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Fechner RE, Greenberg SD, Wilson RK, Stevens PM. Evaluation of transbronchial biopsy of the lung. Am J Clin Pathol 1977; 68: 17–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Koch ML, Coté RA. Comparison of fluorescense microscopy with Ziehl-Neelsen stain for demonstration of acid fast bacilli. Am Rev Respir Dis 1965; 91: 283–294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Wellman KF, Teng KP. Demonstration of acid fast bacilli in tissue sections by fluorescense. Can Med Assoc J 1962; 87: 837–841.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Woodard BH, Rosenberg SI, Farnham R, Adams DO. Incidence and nature of primary granulomatous inflammation in surgically removed material. Am J Surg Pathol 1982; 6: 119–129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Wiley EL, Mulhollan TJ, Beck B, Tyndall JA, Freeman RG. Polyclonal antibodies raised against Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, Mycobacterium duvalii and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis used to detect mycobacteria in tissue with the use of immunohistochemical techniques. Am J Clin Pathol 1990; 94: 307–312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Eisenach KD, Crawford JT, Bates JH. Repetitive DNA sequences as probes for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26: 2240–2245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Lin CS, Ruiz A. Contamination by saprophytic acid-fast bacilli in the histology laboratory. Lab Med 1977; 8: 11–13.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Ulbright TM, Katzenstein AA. Solitary necrotizing granulomas of the lung. Am J Surg Pathol 1980; 4: 13–28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Grange JM. Tuberculosis. In: Wilson G, Miles A, Parker MT, eds. Topley and Wilson’s principles of bacteriology, virology and immunity, Vol 3. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1983: 42–43.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Boyd WA. A textbook of pathology. 3d Ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Feibiger, 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Gottlieb JA, Fanburg BL, Pauker SG. A decision analytic view of the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. In: Fanburg BL, ed. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases of the lung. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1983: 349–380.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Williams RH, Nickerson DA. Skin reactions in sarcoid. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1935; 33: 403–405.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Siltzbach LE. The Kveim test in sarcoidosis. Am J Med 1961; 30: 495–501.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Chase MW. The preparation and standardization of Kveim antigen. Am Rev Respir Dis 1961; 84 (Part 2): 86–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  214. Chapman J. The Kveim test. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1977; 101: 515–517.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Kataria YP. Cutaneous granulomata in response to injection with autoclaved bronchoalveolar lavage cell preparation in sarcoidosis patients. In: Grassi C, Rizzato G, Pozzi E, eds. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Proceedings of the XI world congress on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1988: 139–142.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Siltzbach LE. Qualities and behavior of satisfactory Kveim suspensions. In: Siltzbach LE, ed. Seventh international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulo-matous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1976; 278: 665–669.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Teirstein AS, Brown LK. The Kveim Siltzbach test in 1987. In: Grassi C, Rizzato G, Pozzi E, eds. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Proceedings of the XI world congress on sarcoidosis and other granuloma-tous disorders. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1988: 7–18.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Mishra BB, Poulter LW, Sherlock S, James DG. The Kveim. Siltzbach granuloma: A model for sarcoid granuloma formation. In: Johns CJ, ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 465: 164–175.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Kataria YP, Park HK. Dynamics and mechanism of the sarcoidal granuloma: Detecting T cell subsets, non T cells and immunoglobulins in biopsies at varying intervals of Kveim-Siltzbach test sites. In: Johns CJ, ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 465: 221–232.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Cohn ZA, Fedorko ME, Hirsch JG, Turiaf J, Chabot J. In: Turiaf J, Chabot J, James DG, Zatouroff MA, eds. La Sarkoidose. Report of the 4th international conference on sarcoidosis. Paris: Masson et Cie, 1967: 141–149.

    Google Scholar 

  221. Lieberman L. Elevation of serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in sarcoidosis. Am J Med 1975; 59: 365–372.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Friedland J, Silverstein E. Sensitive fluorometric assay for serum angiotensin-converting enzyme with the natural substrate angiotensin 1. Am J Clin Pathol 1977; 68: 225–228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Studdy PR, James DG. The specificity and sensitivity of serum angiotensin converting enzyme in sarcoidosis and other diseases. Experience in twelve centres in six different countries. In: Chrétien J, Marsac J, Saltiel JC, eds. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ninth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Paris: Pergamon Press, 1983: 332–344.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Muthuswamy PP, Lopez-Majano V, Ranginwala M, Trainor WD. Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (SACE) activity as an indicator of total body granuloma load and prognosis in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis 1987; 4: 142–148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Silverstein E, Friedland J, Lyons HA. Serum angiotensin converting enzyme in sarcoidosis: Clinical significance. Isr J Med Sci 1977; 13: 1001–1006.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Silverstein E, Friedland J, Lyons HA, Gourin A. Markedly elevated angiotensin converting enzyme in lymph nodes containing nonnecrotizing granulomas in sarcoidosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1976; 73: 2137–2141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Pertschuk LP, Silverstein E, Friedland J. Detection of angiotensin-converting enzyme in sarcoid granulomas. Am J Clin Pathol 1981; 75: 350–354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Pertschuk LP, Stanek AE, Silverstein E, Friedland J. Immunocytochemical detection of angiotensin-converting enzyme in sarcoidosis granulomas. In: DeLellis RA, ed. Monographs in diagnostic pathology. Vol. 7. Advances in immunohistochemistry New York: Masson, 1984: 311–323.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Stanek AE, Silverstein E, Friedland J. Angiotensin converting enzyme is localized in the plasma membrane of the epithelioid cell of the sarcoidosis granuloma. Clin Res 1982; 30: 438A.

    Google Scholar 

  230. Silverstein E, Friedland J. Pathogenesis of sarcoidosis; T lymphocyte modulation of induction of angiotensin converting enzyme in human monocytes in culture. Evidence of mediation by lymphokine. In: International committee on sarcoidosis. 10th international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders (abstracts). Baltimore, 1984: 96.

    Google Scholar 

  231. Ryder KW, Stephen JJ, Saleem KO, Meredith HT. Serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity in patients with histoplasmosis. JAMA 1983; 249: 1888–1889.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Check IJ, Gowitt GT, Staton GW. Bronchoalveolar lay-age cell differential in the diagnosis of sarcoid interstitial lung disease: Likelihood ratios based on computerized data base. Am J Clin Pathol 1985; 84: 744–747.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Line BR, Fulmer JD, Reynolds HY, et al. Gallium-67 citrate scanning in the staging of idiopathnic pulmonary fibrosis; correlation with physiologic and morphologic features and bronchoalveolar lavage. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978; 118: 355–365.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Hunninghake GW, Line BR, Szapiel SV, Crystal RG. Activation of inflammatory cells increases the localization of gallium-67 at sites of disease. Clin Res 1981; 29: 171A.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Rizzato G, Blasi A. A European survey on the usefulness of gallium-67 lung scans in assessing sarcoidosis: Experience in 14 research centers in seven different countries. In: Johns CJ, ed. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986; 465: 463–478.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Hirsh BC, Johnson WC. Pathology of granulomatous diseases. Epithelioid granulomas, Part 1. Int J Dermatol 1984; 23: 237–246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Liebow AA. The J Burns Amberson Lecture. Pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973; 108: 1–118.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Saldana MJ. Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis: Clinico-pathologic observations in 24 patients. Lab Invest 1978; 38: 364 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  239. Churg A, Carrington CB, Gupta R. Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis. Chest 1979;76:406 –413.

    Google Scholar 

  240. Koss MN, Hochholzer L, Feigin DS, Garancis JC, Ward PA. Necrotizing sarcoid-like granulomatosis: Clinical, pathologic and immunopathologic findings. Hum Pathol 1980; 2 (Suppl): 510–519.

    Google Scholar 

  241. Stephen JG, Baimbridge MV, Corrin B, Wilkinson SP, Day D, Whimster WF. Necrotizing “sarcoidal” angiitis and granulomatosis of the lung. Thorax 1976;31:356–253. 242. Menon MPS, Beohar PC, Jain SK, Narayanan SK. Necrotizing sarcoid angiitis and granulomatosis of the lung. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 1980; 22: 123–127.

    Google Scholar 

  242. Fisher MR, Christ ML, Bernstein JR. Necrotizing sarcoid-like granulomatosis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. J Canad Assoc Radiol 1984; 35: 313–315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Rolfes DB, Weiss MA, Sanders MA. Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis with suppurative features. Am J Clin Pathol 1984; 82: 602–607.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Gibbs AR, Jones William W. Necrotising sarcoidal granulmatosis. In: International Committee on Sarcoidosis. Tenth international conference on sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Abstracts. Baltimore, 1984: 1–2.

    Google Scholar 

  245. Rühl GH, Schlanstein A, Hartung W. Nekrotisierende sarkoidale Granulomatose der Lunge. Prax Klin Pneumol 1985; 39: 284–287.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  246. Weiss M, Gokel JM. Die nekrotisierende sarkoide Granulomatose der Lunge. Pathologe 1990; 11: 178–182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Sugama Y, Matsuoka R, Kitamura S. A case of necrotizbiopsy. sarcoid granulomatosis diagnosed by open lung biopsy. Jpn J Thorac Dis 1989: 27: 75–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Armbruster C, Vetter N. Zur Differentialdiagnose der nekrotisierenden sarkoidalen Angiitis: Nekrotisierende sarkoidale Angiitis und Kollagenerkrankung-ein Fall Putman 1991; 45: 63–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Gordon CI. Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis: Report of a case. J Am Osteopath Assoc 1986; 584–588.

    Google Scholar 

  250. Katzenstein AA. The histologic spectrum and differential diagnosis of necrotizing granulomatous inflammation in the lung. In: Fenoglio CM, Wolff M, eds. Progress in surgical pathology. Vol. 2. New York: Masson, 1980: 42–70

    Google Scholar 

  251. Cole SR, Johnson KJ, Ward PA. Pathology of sarcoido sisgranulomatous vasculitis and other idiopathic granulomatous diseases of the lung. In: Fanburg BL, ed. Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous diseases of the lung. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1983: 149–202.

    Google Scholar 

  252. Churg A. Pulmonary angiitis and granulomatosis revisited. Hum Pathol 1983; 14: 868–883

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Cole SR.Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  254. Singh N, Cole SR, Krause PJ,Conway M, Garcia L. Necrotizing sarcoid granulomatosis with extrapulmonary involvement. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 124: 189–191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Dail DH. Personal communication

    Google Scholar 

  256. Kirks DR, McCormick VD, Greenspan RH. Pulmonary sarcoidosis. Roentgenologic analysis of 150 patients. AJR 1973; 117: 777–786

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Sharma OP,Hewlett R, Cordonson J. Nodular sarcoidosis: an unusual radiographic appearance. Chest 1973; 64: 189–192

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Sharma OP. Sarcoidosis: unusual pulmonary manifestations. Postgrad Med 1977; 61: 67–73

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Rømer FK.Sarcoidosis with large nodular lesions simulating pulmonary metastases: an analysis of 126 cases of intrathoracic sarcoidosis. Scand J Respir Dis 1977; 58:11–16.

    Google Scholar 

  260. Rose RM, Lee RGL, Costello P. Solitary nodular sarcoiingdosis Clin Radiol 1985; 36: 589–592

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Onal E, Lopata M, Lourenco RV. Nodular pulmonary sarcoidosis. Chest 1977; 72: 296–300

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Tellis CJ, Putman JS. Cavitation in large multinodular pulmonary disease. Arare manifestation of sarcoidosis Chest 1977; 71: 792–793

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Ohsaki Y, Abe S, Yahara O, Murao M. Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and cystic lung lesion. Chest 1977; 71: 81–82

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Cavallo A, Perin B, Perini L, Natale F. Rara complicanza della sarcoidosi: Cavitazione polmonare. Radiol Med 1987; 73: 589–590

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Tada H, Yasumizu R, Yuasa S, Sato M, Mizuno Y. Annular lesion of the lung in sarcoidosis. Thorax 1989; 44: 756–775

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Dorcier F, Grenier N, Dubroca J, Lacoste D, Beylot J, Grelet PH. Sarcoïdose thoracique avec «cavitation» pulmonaire. Radiologie 1987; 68: 451–454.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Y. Rosen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology, The Virginia Mason Clinic, 98101, Seattle, WA, USA

    David H. Dail MD

  2. Diagnostic Specialties Laboratory, 700 Lebo Boulevard, 98310, Bremerton, WA, USA

    Samuel P. Hammar MD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rosen, Y. (1994). Sarcoidosis. In: Dail, D.H., Hammar, S.P. (eds) Pulmonary Pathology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3935-0_19

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3935-0_19

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-3937-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-3935-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation