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Development, Homeostasis, and Heterogeneity of NK Cells and ILC1

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Natural Killer Cells

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 395))

Abstract

Natural killer (NK) cells are a population of cytotoxic innate lymphocytes that evolved prior to their adaptive counterparts and constitute one of the first lines of defense against infected or mutated cells. NK cells are rapidly activated, expressing an array of germ-line encoded receptors that allow them to scan for protein irregularities on cells and kill those deemed “altered-self.” NK cells rapidly produce a broad range of cytokines and chemokines following activation by virus, bacterial, or parasitic infection and are thus key in orchestrating inflammation. NK cells have previously been viewed to represent a relatively homogeneous group of IFN-γ-producing cells that express the surface markers NK1.1 and natural killer cell p46-related protein (NKp46 or NCR1 encoded by Ncr1) and depend on the transcription factor T-bet for their development. Recently, a second subset of T-bet-dependent innate cells, the group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1), has been discovered which share many attributes of conventional NK (cNK) cells. Despite the similarities between ILC1 and cNK cells , they differ in several important aspects including their localization, transcriptional regulation, and phenotype suggesting each subset has distinct origins and functions in immune responses. Previously, the ability to detect and spontaneously kill cells that exhibit “altered-self” which is central to tumor and viral immunity has been thought to be an attribute restricted solely to cNK cells. The identification of ILC1 challenges this notion and suggests that key contributions from ILC1 may have gone unrecognized. Thus, understanding the different rules that govern the behavior of ILC1 and cNK cells in immune responses may potentially open unexpected doorways to uncover novel strategies to manipulate these cells in treating disease. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of peripheral cNK cell and ILC1 heterogeneity in terms of their development, phenotype, homeostasis, and effector functions.

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Abbreviations

αLP:

α4β7+ lymphoid progenitor(s)

CLP:

Common lymphoid progenitor(s)

CHILP:

Common helper innate lymphoid progenitor

cNK cell:

Conventional NK cell

IFN:

Interferon

ILC:

Innate lymphoid cell

IL:

Interleukin

ILCp:

ILC progenitor

iNK cell:

Immature NK cell

LTi:

Lymphoid tissue inducer

mNK cell:

Mature NK cell

Ncr:

Natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor

NK cell:

Natural killer cell

RAG:

Recombinase activating gene

Ror:

Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia

    Cyril Seillet, Gabrielle T. Belz & Nicholas D. Huntington

  2. Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia

    Cyril Seillet, Gabrielle T. Belz & Nicholas D. Huntington

Authors
  1. Cyril Seillet
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  2. Gabrielle T. Belz
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  3. Nicholas D. Huntington
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Correspondence to Nicholas D. Huntington .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille 05, France and Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université - INSERM - CNRS, Marseille 09, France

    Eric Vivier

  2. INSERM U 668, Pasteur Institute, Paris, Paris, France

    James Di Santo

  3. University of Genoa, Genova, Italy

    Alessandro Moretta

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Seillet, C., Belz, G.T., Huntington, N.D. (2015). Development, Homeostasis, and Heterogeneity of NK Cells and ILC1. In: Vivier, E., Di Santo, J., Moretta, A. (eds) Natural Killer Cells. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 395. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2015_474

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